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their concentration on either side of the membrane. The final concentration of small molecules after equilibrium depends on the volume of solutions used, if the buffer is replaced with fresh buffer, diffusion will further decrease the concentration of small molecules. Figure 4.7: Dialysis principle and schematic representation of dialysis procedure339 Due to the freedom of movement of small molecules across either side of semipermeable membrane, dialysis could be either used to introduce or to remove small molecules in a sample. Dialysis is widely used in life science to clean or purify DNA, protein samples, serum or blood. The separation characteristics the semipermeable membrane is determined by its pore size range and is often characterised by the molecular weight-cut off (MWCO). Typically a membrane’s MWCO refers to the smallest average molecular mass of a molecule that will not diffuse across the membrane. If miscible liquids are used on either side of the membrane, effectively a complete solvent exchange could be attained, which has been adapted in this thesis. 4.1.6.2. Dialysis experimental procedure Since NMP and DMF are miscible in water, dialysis was employed in this project as an effective solvent exchange mechanism for graphene dispersions to exchange organic solvents with water. Preparation of dialysis tubing is very important for effective dialysis. The required length of cellulose-based dialysis tubing (Sigma D0405, MWCO 12400 Da) was cut and immersed in aqueous 1 mM ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA, Sigma E9884) solution and boiled for 10 min followed by rinsing in DI water. The tube was further Chapter 4 – Methods 113PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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