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4.1.5. Commercially sourced graphene 4.1.5.1. Elicarb® graphene Elicarb® graphene powder from Thomas Swan Ltd, UK was used to prepared epoxy-graphene composite coatings as described in section 4.2.1. The average lateral dimension of graphene sheets are around 1 μm with 5-7 layers. Herein, it is termed as FLG–1.337 4.1.5.2. Graphene supermarket CVD graphene CVD-grown single layer graphene on Cu foil was bought from Graphene Supermarket, USA.338 This CVD graphene was used in this project as a comparison with the in-house CVD graphene for strain sensor applications. The CVD graphene was supplied on a 2” × 2” Cu foil and were cut into small square pieces before following the transfer process as shown in section 4.2.3. 4.1.6. Solvent exchange of graphene by dialysis It is well-known that organic solvents like NMP and DMF can readily disperse graphene due to their surface energies being close to that of graphene.54, 59 However, these organic solvents also have disadvantages. Their higher b.p. meaning that is very difficult to remove them fully from the surface of the graphene by heating, limiting the use of graphene produced in these solvents in applications such as electronics and biomedical. Herein dialysis is studied as an alternative route to remove the organic solvents via solvent exchange. 4.1.6.1. Dialysis principle Dialysis is a process which works on the principle of diffusion. Diffusion is a random, thermal movement of molecules in solution (Brownian motion) which leads to movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration region until equilibrium is reached. In dialysis small molecules (solutes) diffuse from a high concentrated region to a low concentrated region across a semipermeable membrane as shown in Figure 4.7.339 The pore size of semipermeable membrane means that large molecules cannot diffuse through it, whilst small molecules can. Hence the small molecules can reach equilibrium across the entire solution volume, thereby changing Chapter 4 – Methods 112PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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