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phase, provided the negative pressure is strong enough to overcome intermolecular binding process, a fluid medium can be torn apart producing voids or cavities (micro bubbles). In the succeeding cycles, these bubbles grow in size (at least twice their initial size) and become unstable and collapses resulting in intense local heating (hot spots of ~ 5000 oC), extreme pressures (~ 1000 atm) with rapid heating/cooling rates (> 106 K/s).331 The cavitation bubbles when collapses asymmetrically near a micro-particle surface, forming microjets with speed in the order of 100 m/s. These microjets subsequently produce an asymmetric shock wave upon implosion of the bubbles, resulting in erosion on a particle’s surface and de-aggregation of particles.332 In case of layered materials, the microjets aid the exfoliation process (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1: Schematic representation of generation and collapse of cavitation bubbles during ultrasonication process and the process of graphite exfoliation to graphene. 4.1.2.2. Experimental procedure Hernandez et al. demonstrated the production of pristine FLG from graphite in NMP using sonication and centrifugation.54 Their technique is broadly followed in this Chapter 4 – Methods 103PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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