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project; however, different solvents were used for graphene exfoliation. The schematic representation of the whole process is shown in Figure 4.2. Figure 4.2: Schematic representation of liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene. The graphite used in this project was natural graphite (grade 2369) from Branwell Graphite Ltd, UK. This particular grade was chosen for this work as the literature reports that it produces a higher concentration of graphene compared to other grades.333 The graphite flakes were sieved in 500 mesh to remove large graphite particles which may not be exfoliated completely in the low power sonication. The initial concentration of graphite of 5 mg/ml is kept constant for all the experiments. Graphite was then added to solvent or surfactant solution and sonicated for different time periods (6 hr to 60 hr) in the ultrasonic bath (Elmasonic P, max power 820 W). Low power sonication (32 W, 37 KHz, 30 % power) was carried out for all the samples. During longer sonication times, the bath water tends to heat up to ~ 50 oC leading to considerable evaporation. Therefore, a circulating cooler was used to maintain the temperature in sonication bath around 22- 25 oC at all time to prevent any water evaporation, and temperature related aggregation (At elevated temperatures, decrease in viscosity increases the Brownian motion and Chapter 4 – Methods 104PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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