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Chapter 3 β Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Graphene-based Strain Sensors sensors.295 Micro-engineered vibrating beam sensors have taken advantage of grapheneβs high stiffness and low density to act as mass sensors with detection limits up to 2 zeptograms.296 Graphene has also been explored as photodetectors,297 and has demonstrated photodetection from the visible to mid-IR (higher than 1 ampere/watt) spectrum at room temperature.298 Graphene have also been employed as biosensors, e.g., pH change detection in aqueous environment,299 DNA sensing,300, 301 real-time glucose detection302 and protein monitoring303, 304. Functionalised graphene have also used to detect specific protein molecules with immunoglobulin E apatamer functionalised MC graphene for selective detection of immunoglobulin E proteins305 and biotin functionalised rGO (using PEG and PEI) for selective detection of avidin.306 3.3.1. Graphene-based strain sensors It has been shown that graphene can be elastically stretched up to 20 % strain,29 this flexibility combined with its optical transparency39 has made graphene a strong candidate for flexible electronics. This flexibility also meant that graphene can be used as a strain sensor, by following its piezoresistive behaviour. The sensitivity of such sensors is normally measured by gauge factor (GF), which is the change in resistance over the strain and is generally given by,307 πΊπΉ = (βπ βπ ) = (βπ βπ ) Equation 3.5 (βπΏβπΏ) π Where, βπ βπ is normalised resistance variation, βπΏβπΏ is fractional change in length, and π is the strain. The GF of commercially available resistance based strain sensors are in range of 2 to 5. Different types of graphene-based strain sensors have been reported and the literature is summarised in the following sections. 3.3.1.1. Strain sensors based on SLG sheets The strain sensitivity of graphene is studied normally by inducing structural deformation directly on the graphene or graphene supported on a deformable substrate. Huang et al. carried out nanoindentation experiments on suspended MC SLG while 92PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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