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Large Scale Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications 181 depends strongly on the output power of the cell, and is directly related to the cell conversion efficiency () by FF JscVoc 100 Pinc (4) Gradual degradation of the initial fill factor, and hence, the conversion efficiency was observed on the CVD graphene cell as the bending angle increased; in contrast, the fill factor of the ITO device rapidly decayed to zero when bent at around 60°. Furthermore, we performed SEM measurements to investigate changes in film morphology that may have been introduced by bending of the devices. Figure 4.12b shows the appearance of micro-cracks throughout the ITO device, while no signs of micro-cracks or fissures were observed on the graphene device. Development of micro-cracks generated by mechanical stress in ITO, even at small bending angles, can substantially increase the film resistance, which has a key impact in reducing the fill factor. This agrees well with the observed decrease in output current density and power conversion efficiency of the solar cells without observing appreciable change in the Voc. CVD graphene, being of organic nature and more flexible, surpasses the performance of ITO, which may easily crack under slight bending albeit PEDOT:PSS passivation. Therefore, the brittle nature of ITO plays a major role in the resulting poor performance of ITO-flexible organic solar cells, while the CVD graphene thin films exhibited good performance as flexible transparent electrodes (Gomez De Arco, Zhang et al.). Fig. 19. Current density vs voltage characteristics of CVD-G (a) or ITO (b) photovoltaic cells under 100 mW/cm2 AM1.5 spectral illumination for different bending angles. Insets show the experimental set up employed in the experiments. c, Fill factor dependence of the bending angle for CVD-G and ITO devices. d, SEM images showing the surface structure of CVD-G (up) and ITO (down) photovoltaic cells after being subjected to the bending angles described in a and b.PDF Image | GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZATION PROPERTIES
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