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68 Graphene – Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications 2.3 Arc discharge In the arc discharge technique, graphite rods are used as electrodes for high voltage arc-ing. At extremely high voltages between the electrodes that are separated by very small distances, very high electric fields can be produced leading to instantaneous sparks like in a welding process. The fall-out during the discharge process is the end product that contains the carbon nano-structures. Volotskova et al [22] have reported on deterministic, single-step approach to simultaneous production and magnetic separation of graphene flakes and carbon nanotubes. In this arc discharge process, by employing magnetic fields, nanotubes and graphene are deposited in different areas. These results are very relevant to the development of commercially- viable, single-step production of bulk amounts of high-quality graphene. Also Li et al [23] have reported the existence of double layered graphene sheets in their arc discharge “debris”. Fig. 11. A typical arc discharge system [mrsec.wisc.edu/.../images/nanotubes/arc.jpg] 2.4 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis The Fischer–Tropsch process (or Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis) is a set of chemical reactions that convert a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons. The process, a key component of gas to liquids technology, produces a petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas, or biomass for use as synthetic lubrication oil and as synthetic fuel. The F-T process has received intermittent attention as a source of low-sulfur diesel fuel and to address the supply or cost of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. The Fischer–Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that lead to a variety of hydrocarbons. Useful reactions give alkanes, (2n+1)H2 + nCO → CnH(2n+2) + nH2O, where n is a positive integer. The formation of methane (n = 1) is generally unwanted. Most of the alkanes produced tend to be straight-chain alkanes, although some branched alkanes are also formed. In addition to alkane formation, competing reactions result in the formation of alkenes, as well as alcohols and other oxygenated hydrocarbons. Usually, only relatively small quantities of these non-alkane products are formed, although catalysts favoring some of these products have been developed.PDF Image | GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZATION PROPERTIES
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