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Graphene Synthesis, Catalysis with Transition Metals and Their Interactions by Laser Photolysis 61 extracted 2D crystals become intrinsically stable by gentle crumpling in the third dimension on a lateral scale of ≈10nm. Such 3D warping observed experimentally leads to a gain in elastic energy but suppresses thermal vibrations (anomalously large in 2D), which above a certain temperature can minimize the total free energy. Fig. 2. Mother of all graphitic forms. Graphene is a 2D building material for carbon materials of all other dimensionalities. It can be wrapped up into 0D buckyballs, rolled into 1D nanotubes or stacked into 3D graphite [from: Geim and Novoselov, http://arxiv .org/ftp/cond-mat/papers/0702/0702595.pdf] A single atomic plane is a 2D crystal, whereas 100 layers should be considered as a thin film of a 3D material. But how many layers are needed to make a 3D structure? For the case of graphene, the situation has recently become reasonably clear. It was shown that the electronic structure rapidly evolves with the number of layers, approaching the 3D limit of graphite already at 10 layers. Moreover, only graphene and, to a good approximation, its bilayer have simple electronic spectra: they are both zero-gap semiconductors (can also be referred to as zero-overlap semimetals) with one type of electrons and one type of holes. For 3 and more layers, the spectra become increasingly complicated: Several charge carriers appear, and the conduction and valence bands start notably overlapping. This allows one to distinguish between single-, double- and few- (3 to <10) layer graphene as three different types of 2D crystals (“graphenes”) [6]. Thicker structures should be considered, to all intents and purposes, as thin films of graphite. From the experimental point of view, such a definition is also sensible. The screening length inPDF Image | GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZATION PROPERTIES
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