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60 Graphene – Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications standing 2D atomic crystals (for example, single-layer boron nitride and half-layer BSCCO [4]). These crystals could be obtained on top of non-crystalline substrates, in liquid suspension (Fig. 1) and as suspended membranes. Importantly, the 2D crystals were found not only to be continuous but to exhibit high crystal quality. The latter is most obvious for the case of graphene, in which charge carriers can travel thousands of interatomic distances without scattering. With the benefit of hindsight, the existence of such one-atom-thick crystals can be reconciled with theory. Indeed, it can be argued that the obtained 2D crystallites are quenched in a metastable state because they are extracted from 3D materials, whereas their small size and strong interatomic bonds assure that thermal fluctuations cannot lead to the generation of dislocations or other crystal defects even at elevated temperature. 1.2 What is graphene? Known facts about graphene Graphene is the name given to a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two- dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice, and is a basic building block for graphitic materials of all other dimensionalities (Figure 2). It can be wrapped up into 0D fullerenes, rolled into 1D nanotubes or stacked into 3D graphite. Fig. 1. How graphene suspension looks like Theoretically, graphene (or “2D graphite”) has been studied for sixty years and has been widely used for describing properties of various carbon-based materials. Forty years later, it was realized that graphene also provides an excellent condensed-matter analogue of (2+1)- dimensional quantum electrodynamics, which propelled graphene into a thriving theoretical toy model. On the other hand, although known as integral part of 3D materials, graphene was presumed not to exist in the free state, being described as an “academic” material and believed to be unstable with respect to the formation of curved structures such as soot, fullerenes and nanotubes. All of a sudden, the vintage model turned into reality, when free-standing graphene was unexpectedly found around 2004 by Novoselov and Geim [5] and, especially, when the follow-up experiments confirmed that its charge carriers were indeed massless Dirac fermions [6]. So, the graphene “gold rush” has begun. A complementary viewpoint is that thePDF Image | GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZATION PROPERTIES
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