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fully charged or discharged state, only about half of the sulfur is precipitated. While this cell design is not suitable for commercialization, it is perfectly apt for the scientific study of the Li/S system. As discussed below, this cell design does not suffer from pore clogging, exhibits only very small diffusion overpotentials, and provides good access to the liquid electrolyte for the entire activated Li2S. The large amount of passive weight does not restrain the study of the system either physically or computationally. Except for the different absolute and relative amounts of the phases, the results are very similar to those presented in Fig. 5.6b and the corresponding discussion on pages 98–99 is still fully valid for the calibrated model. The dissolution and precipitation of solids presented in Fig. 5.21 is tightly coupled to the distribution of dissolved species in the liquid electrolyte, which shall be analyzed next. To this, the average concentrations of dissolved species and their evolution dur- ing a discharge/charge cycle are presented in Fig. 5.22. It is apparent from Fig. 5.22 that the concentrations of the various species are different by orders of magnitude. 103 100 10−3 10−6 10−9 10−12 Figure5.22:Evolution of the concentrations of dissolved species during charge (dashed lines) and discharge (solid lines) at a C/20 rate. The concen- tration of S2− is so low that it is entirely outside the plot range. 0 50 100 150 200 250 Capacity / Ah/kgS Li+ TFSI− S2− S2− 28 S2− S8 4 S2− S2− 6 122 Concentration / mol·m−3PDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Design, Characterization, and Physically-based Modeling
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