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Lanthanides in Luminescent Thermometry Chapter 281 403 6 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES Luminescence thermometers have experienced a continuous and unprece- dented growth over the past decade, after the handful of pioneering works published during the last quarter of the XXth century. The diversity of lumi- nescent ratiometric thermometers reported so far (namely those operating at the nanoscale) points out the emergent interest of nanothermometry in micro- electronics, microoptics, photonics, micro and nanofluidics, nanomedicine, and in many other conceivable applications, such as thermally induced drug release, phonon-, plasmonic-, and magnetic-induced hyperthermia and wher- ever exothermal chemical or enzymatic reactions occur at submicron scale. Examples are based on both individual thermal probes (eg, organic dyes, polymers, QDs, Ln3+-based b-diketonates, and NPs) and more complex struc- tures formed by probes encapsulated into polymer and organic–inorganic hybrid matrices. The total number of papers published since 2005 and dealing with luminescence thermometry or luminescent thermometers is around 400, a number that can substantially increase if publications describing potential or perspective systems are taken into account. Ln3+-based thermometers, cover- ing temperatures from cryogenic to physiological ranges and involving ionic and chelate complexes, clays, MOFs, and upconverting and downshifting NPs, account for approximately one-third of that number, as the majority of the papers involve organic dyes, polymers, and QDs. Moreover, the research on these different classes of Ln3+-based thermometers has evolved in a dis- tinctly different way, particularly concerning applications. While the research on MOFs, for instance, has been mainly focused on the synthesis and design of new structures and on the comparison of their thermometric performances, b-diketonates and NPs have already been used to map microelectronic and integrated optic components and to perform in vivo photothermal heating and intratumoral thermal sensing in mice, respectively. However, despite the actual promising progresses, the research on luminescence thermometry can be considered as in its early stages and more basic knowledge is still needed before prototypes become a commercial reality. Up to now, the performance of the various reported luminescent thermo- meters has been essentially compared by means of the maximum relative sen- sitivity Sm (Eq. 4), introduced by us in 2012 as a figure of merit for luminescent and nonluminescent thermometric systems. In general, Ln3+-based ratiometric thermometers have Sm values ranging from 0.1%K1 to 10%K1 (Fig. 28), similar to those reported for organic dyes-, polymers-, and QDs-based ones (Brites et al., 2012), covering a widespread temperature interval. For physiological temperatures, for instance, it is quite difficult to use the same polymer-based thermometer to cover the entire interval, as these systems are typically usable in a narrow range of $10 K (Brites et al., 2012). The progress in the field requires undoubtedly the general use of quantita- tive parameters, such as temperature (dT), spatial (dx) and temporal (dt)PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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