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366 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths Wang et al. used the same technique to evaluate the convective heat transfer coefficient of a suspended CNT with temperature uncertainty dT$4 K and spatial resolution dx 1⁄4 0.05 mm (Wang et al., 2013a). The major outcome of the spatiotemporal resolution comparison per- formed in Fig. 7 is that there is not a single technique able to combine submi- cron and submillisecond resolutions. If a particular application requires high spatial resolution (<1 mm) and, simultaneously, a temporal resolution around 1 s, SThM is clearly the best suited technique. On the other hand, if the appli- cation demands a high temporal resolution (<103 s) but can deal with spatial resolutions >1 mm, thermal reflectance is the more appropriate option. The combination of high spatial and temporal resolutions in the same technique remains a challenge, but we must stress that, up to now, the examples that have the best performance are those based on luminescent Ln3+-doped organic–inorganic hybrid thermometers. 3.4 Repeatability and Reproducibility Repeatability (or test–retest reliability) and reproducibility are the two compo- nents of precision in a measurement system, being major concerns among sen- sor engineering. Since the great majority of industrial and scientific applications require continuous monitoring, it is critical to achieve the same response under the same external stimulus. The terms “agreement,” “reliability,” “reproducibility,” “accuracy,” and “repeatability” are used with varying degrees of consistency in the scientific literature. The terminology adopted in this section follows the pivotal work of Bland and Altman in the context of clinical trials (Bland and Altman, 1986). Repeatability refers to the variation in repeat measurements made under identical conditions. A given quantity is considered repeatable if different measurements made using the same instrument or method, over a certain period, give the same result. Variability in measurements made on the same subject in a repeatability study can then be ascribed only to errors due to the measurement process itself (Bartlett and Frost, 2008). Reproducibility, on the other hand, refers to the variation in measurements of the same measurand carried out under modified conditions (Taylor and Kuyatt, 1994). The changing conditions may be due to different measurement methods or instruments being used, measurements being made by different observers, or measurements being made over a period of time within which the “error-free” level of the measurand could undergo nonnegligible change (Bartlett and Frost, 2008). The repeatability of a thermometric probe indicates the accord between its ability to evaluate the temperature in comparison with a reference temperature probe (a thermocouple, for instance). If a probe method has poor thermal repeatability (ie, if there is a considerable variation in repeated measurements on the same temperature value) the agreement between the two probes is unavoidably degraded. According to the British Standards Institution, anPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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