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Chapter 281 Lanthanides in Luminescent Thermometry C.D.S. Brites*, A. Milla ́n† and L.D. Carlos*,1 *CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal †ICMA—Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de 1Corresponding author: e-mail: lcarlos@ua.pt Chapter Outline 1 Introduction 339 2 Luminescent Thermometers 351 3 Thermometer Performance 353 3.1 Relative Thermal Sensitivity 355 3.2 Temperature Uncertainty 355 3.3 Spatial and Temporal Arago ́n, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 5 Examples 383 5.1 Crystals of Ionic Complexes 387 5.2 Molecular Thermometers 388 5.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks 395 5.4 Upconverting Nanoparticles 397 5.5 NIR-Emitting Nanoparticles 402 6 Conclusion and Perspectives 403 Acknowledgments 407 4.1 Single-Center Emission 370 References 409 4.2 Dual-Center Emission 377 1 INTRODUCTION Temperature is a central concept of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics its inverse being defined by the derivative of the body’s entropy S with respect to its internal energy U, T11⁄4@S/@U (Hartmann, 2006; Reif, 1965). While entropy is a measure of the amount of atomic disorder in a body, tem- perature describes how strong the intensity of random submicroscopic motions of the body’s particle constituents is. Temperature is one of the most important physical variable affecting the dynamics and viability of practically all natural and engineered systems, from atomic through macroscopic levels (Allison and Gillies, 1997; Childs et al., 2000; Jaque et al., 2014b; McCabe and Hernandez, 2010; Okabe et al., 2012). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.hpcre.2016.03.005 © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 339 Resolution 362 3.4 Repeatability and Reproducibility 366 4 Thermal Response Rationalizing 368PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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