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Quantum Critical Matter and Phase Transitions Chapter 280 325 FIG. 19 Overview cartoon illustrating the many experiments and references on the blind man’s elephant searching for the meaning of hidden order in URu2Si2. According to Kung, unpublished. magnetic torque, Raman, polar Kerr, cyclotron resonance, elastoresistivity, and core-level spectroscopy have been applied to a heavy fermion system. Furthermore, theorists have proposed more than 30 different models and inter- pretations to describe the HO. High-ranking multipole orders are a favorite interpretation (Kung et al., 2015; Mydosh and Oppeneer, 2014). Pressure, magnetic field, and doping have been employed to tune the HO and SC toward quantum criticality. In Fig. 20, we show the 3D phase diagram as a function of T, H, and P, omitting the many different dopings or substitu- tions that require a 4th dimension. The disordering of the delicate HO state via doping causes a slow crossover to magnetism and HFL behavior. Hence the “puddling” of these inhomogeneous states precludes the formation of contin- uous and well-defined QCP. Pressure creates a first-order transition toward a long-range antiferromagnetic phase, which has been studied with quantum oscillations and neutron scattering (Hassinger et al., 2010; Villaume et al., 2008). Here, the Fermi surface remains constant with the transition from HO to AFM. Perhaps with negative pressure, we could search for QPT’s (Pfleiderer et al., 2006). Therefore, the remaining tuning parameter is mag- netic field H along c-axis. Fig. 21 illustrates the high-field tuning of URu2Si2 requiring 40 T to complete, a great experimental challenge (Harrison et al., 2003). During the past 25 years, a variety of exotic high field techniques have been developed to study the novel phases originating between 33 and 38 T. Is the destruction of HO at 32 T a QCP? The answer is no, because of itsPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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