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202 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths FIG. 33 South America Africa Sri Lanka Antarctic Archean & Proterozoic granites Major monazite-bearing placer deposit area Monazite-bearing placer deposit Location of the continents in the late Paleozoic and the distribution of the Archean and Proterozoic granite with major monazite-bearing placer deposits After Watanabe, Y., 2010. Rare earth. Shigen Chishitsu 60, 103–122 (in Japanese). concentration in bauxite has a positive correlation with phosphorous and tita- nium contents, it is assumed that the REEs are included in titanium minerals and aluminum phosphate minerals such as crandallite and florencite-(Ce) (Wagh and Pinnock, 1987). Where carbonate rocks dominate, bauxite ores contain parisite-(Ce) at the lowest part and churchite-(Y) above it (Wang et al., 2010b). During the process of bauxite production, the residue, called red mud, is separated and disposed in tailing pools. The residues from the bauxite production in Jamaica contain more than two times REEs (2000–3000 ppm), which are in particular, enriched in scandium (150 ppm) than the original bauxite (Wagh and Pinnock, 1987). Thus, there is a potential to produce REEs from red mud as by-product of alumina, which is explored by the Jamaica Bauxite Institute. A unique project to produce REEs as by-product of high-purity alumina is conducted in Quebec, Canada. This Orbite project aims to produce REEs from homogeneous mudstone of the Cambrian-Ordovician L’Original Formation that contains about 53wt.% SiO2, 23wt.% Al2O3, 8.4wt.% Fe2O3, and 500–600 ppm REE. The alumina facility also is expected to be designed to recover 1.2 Mt/y silica, 189,000 t/y of hematite, about 28,000 t/y of magne- sium oxide, and about 1000 t/y of other oxides, which include gallium oxide, REE oxides, and scandium oxide (Mobbs, 2014). Madagascar India AustraliaPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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