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200 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths countries outside China in the recent years (Sanematsu and Watanabe, 2016). The Tantalus REE project in northern Madagascar was established as a result of an exploration program between 2008 and 2014 by Tantalus Rare Earths AG. The ore bodies are hosted in weathered crusts overlying syenite and other smaller intrusive rocks with high REE contents (Ganzeev and Grechishchev, 2003). The Malawi REE project was recently established in the Chambe Basin located northwest of the Mulanje Massif, southern Malawi (Le Couteur, 2011). Kaolinite-bearing weathered crusts developed on syenitic rocks contain ion-exchangeable REEs. The Serra Verde REE project located in Goia ́s Prov- ince of Brazil is currently explored by Minerac ̧a ̃o Serra Verde. This deposit is believed to have the total mineral resources (measured+indicated+inferred) of 931 Mt at a cutoff grade of 0.12 wt.% REO (data from website of Minerac ̧a ̃o Serra Verde). The parent rock underlying the ore bodies is the Proterozoic alkaline Serra Dourada Granite, which occurs in an area of 60 km 10 km. The granite consists of biotite granite and biotite-muscovite granite, which are associated with tin-bearing veins that host monazite and xenotime. The Serra Dourada Granite contains 500–1700 ppm REEs and is rich in HREEs (Marini et al., 1992). Small ion-adsorption type deposits and prospects have been also found in Southeast Asia. In northern Myanmar (Kachin State and Shan State), REEs are intermittently produced from ion- adsorption type deposits developed on granitic rocks. Some ion-adsorption type prospects were found in weathered granites in northern Vietnam (Mentani, 2012) and western Thailand (Sanematsu et al., 2013). Both alkaline and calc-alkaline granitic rocks can be the parent rocks of ion-adsorption type deposits because fractional crystallization is more important for HREE enrichment than partial melting as previously discussed. Geochemical, mineralogical, and geological characteristics of ion-adsorption type deposits and their parent rocks are discussed in Section 4.2. 4.1.7 Placer Deposits Most placer deposits with significant amounts of REE minerals are Tertiary or Quaternary deposits derived from source areas that include granitic rocks or high-grade metamorphic rocks. However, paleoplacer deposits (eg, Olserum in Germany) that are as old as Precambrian contain REE resources. Most of the commercial deposits are in sands of marine origin along or near present coastlines and consist of titanium mineral placers with by-product zircon and monazite (Castor and Hedrick, 2006; Table 12). However, due to high thorium content, monazite is not recovered from beach heavy sands, with a few exceptions. These major deposits are located in Western Australia, India, South Africa, and Madagascar, which once formed a part of the Pangea (Fig. 33). Among the placer deposits in the world, the Eneabba deposit in Western Australia is the largest. The heavy minerals of the deposit comprise aboutPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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