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Materials 2020, 13, 4712 2 of 23 the largest producers of sulfur are the USA (9.7 million tons), Russia (7.1 million tons), Saudi Arabia (6 million tons), Canada (5.5 million tons), Japan and Kazakhstan (both = 3.5 million tons each) with total annual production of 80 million tons in 2018 [2]. One of the promising ways to utilize sulfur is in construction as a constituent of sulfur-based concrete. Advantages of sulfur-based concrete as compared to Portland cement concrete are; rapid curing [3], waste management [4], possibility of recycling [5], high resistance to acids and radiation [6], possibility of concreting at negative ambient temperatures [7], quick setting time [8], low electrical and thermal conductivity [9], water tightness [10], high frost resistance [11] and high wear resistance [12] as shown in Figure 1. Sulfur has a large number of different allotropic modifications due to the high ability of its atoms to combine with each other to form ring or chain molecules. Allotropes of sulfur can be classified into two types of intramolecular allotrope (formed due to chemical bonding between sulfur atoms) and intermolecular allotrope (formed due to sulfur molecule’s arrangement within crystals) [13]. Sulfur atoms unite to form chains (catena/polycatena sulfur) and cyclic rings (cyclo-Sn: where n represents number of atoms) which allows millions of sulfur allotropes (intramolecular) to exist (considering all sulfur atoms’ possible combinations). It should be noted that if Sn molecules have 6–12 sulfur atoms, they exist in the form of rings (very stable) while molecules with less than six or greater than twelve sulfur atoms can either exist in the form of ring or chain (unstable). Figure 1. Mechanical and durability properties of cement and sulfur-based concrete: (a) maximum (grade M60) (b) minimum (grade M15) (data extracted from Reference [14]).PDF Image | Critical Review on the Properties and Applications of Sulfur-Based Concrete
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