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Kaerkitcha et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2016) 11:186 Page 2 of 9 Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of the nozzle-ends. a normal coaxial nozzle (viz. inner and outer nozzle-ends are balanced in the same level), b inward coaxial nozzle, and c outward coaxial nozzle concentration, type of solvent [24], adjusting the electro- spinning conditions including solution flow rate, applied voltage, distance to collector, or characterization tech- niques for core/shell structure [25–27]. Little attention has been focused on the improvement of coaxial electro- spinning nozzle itself. In this study, we used the coaxial nozzles, in which the level of the inner nozzle-end can be adjustable to clarify the effect of the balance level of the inner and the outer nozzle-ends on the physical properties (e.g., morphology, specific surface area, crystallinity, and graphitization degree), which will also affect the electrical properties of the obtained HCNFs. Many researchers paid effort to clarify the influence of the electrospinning voltage on the properties of the ob- tained fibers. However, the affection of the applied volt- ages on the diameter of electrospun nanofibers is a little controversial. Several researchers found that a higher volt- age could facilitate an increment of fiber diameters, which may be caused by the faster extraction rate [28, 29]. Some groups, for example, Reneker and Chun [30], reported that the applied voltage has no significant effect to an electrospinning of the nanofibers made of poly(ethylene oxide)s, while some groups, for example, Yuan et al. [31], suggested that an increase of applied voltage results in an increment of electrostatic repulsive force on charged jet. This stretching then causes the smaller diameters of the obtained nanofibers. Not only the fiber diameter but also other properties such as degree of alignment and probabil- ity of the formation of beads were affected by the applied voltage. For example, Rouhollah et al. [32] demonstrated that electrospinning jet start to form at low applied volt- age of 8.5 kV though electrostatic forces was not strong enough to keep continuous jet. By increasing the applied voltage, the degree of alignment of the nanofibers was also Table 1 SEM images of the as spun nanofibers as a function of applied voltagePDF Image | carbon nanofibers obtained from coaxial electrospinning
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