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5.2. Experimental section 5.2.1. Measurements description and synchrotron beam line characteristics In situ and operando X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies were performed in two different synchrotron facilities: ESRF (Grenoble, France) and SOLEIL (Saclay, France). Table 5-1 summarizes the characteristics of both facilities. Chapter 5: In situ and operando XRD Synchrotron facility (place) Beam line Time of: reading Energy Beam (Wavelength) intensity Number of patterns recorded per hour (*) the image / changing the sample position SOLEIL CRIST AL 18.5 KeV Stable 6.7 1 min / ~ 2 min (Saclay, France) (0.66785 Å) (every 9 min) ESRF BM 20 25 KeV Injected every 6h 3.3 2 min / ~ 4 min (Grenoble, France) (0.4959368 Å) (every 18 min) (*) For the same beam position Table 5-1. Description of two synchrotron facilities, where the experiments were performed: SOLEIL (Saclay) and ESRF (Grenoble). We managed to monitor following sequences of cycles, at two C-rates (C/20 and C/8) and for few cells, as summarized in Table 5-2. Table 5-2. Sequences of cycling tests on which in situ and operando XRD measurements were performed, during both synchrotron sessions. During the first session in SOLEIL (λ = 0.66785 Å), two identical Li/S cells were cycled at the same time. Cell 1 was directly exposed to the beam, while cell 2 (so-called ‘back up’ cell) was cycled in parallel. After recording XRD results on cell 1 during two cycles at C/20, cell 2 was switched to the beam and XRD patterns were recorded during further cycles (3rd at C/20, 4th – 5th – 6th at C/8). Because of some technical issues, few cycles contain incomplete information 158PDF Image | Accumulateur Lithium Soufre
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