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Wei et al. Page 6 shape of AgNPs also has an important role in their toxic and immunological effects. Recently, George et al. [52] reported that plate-shaped AgNPs are comparatively more toxic against a fish gill epithelial cell line (RT-W1) and zebrafish embryos compared with sphere- or wire-shaped AgNPs because of the presence of surface defects. In addition, it was demonstrated that the human sperm cells exhibit a lower cytotoxic response to 8–10 nm AgNPs compared with human lymphocytes [53]. Generally, the smaller the size of AgNPs, the stronger cytotoxic effects they could have. Moreover, different surface coatings of AgNPs can trigger different events depending on the cell type. Therapeutic applications of AgNPs The function of AgNPs as antibacterial and antifungal agents has been well documented [54,55] and is not discussed here. Moreover, applications of AgNPs have been expanded to emerging fields, such as drug delivery and diagnosis. Here, we focus on their therapeutic applications as antiviral, photosensitizer and/or radiosensitizer, and anticancer agents. AgNPs as virucidal agents AgNPs have been shown to inhibit HIV-1, Tacaribe virus (TCRV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), monkey pox virus, murine norovirus (MNV)-1, and influenza A/H1N1 virus. Table 1 summarizes the antiviral effects of AgNPs reported in recent publications. Park et al. [56] recently developed and evaluated a novel micrometer-sized magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) decorated with variously sized AgNPs that could be used to inactivate viral pathogens ΦX174 and MNV with minimum chance of potential release into the environment. In addition, Xiang et al. [57] showed that AgNPs have beneficial effects in preventing A/Human/Hubei/3/2005 (H3N2) influenza virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. Another study [58] observed that AgNPs had better antiviral activity (80–90% inhibition) against Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and human parainfluenza virus (hPIV)-3 and were less cytotoxic to Vero cells. In addition, it was found that AgNPs can inhibit the replication of Vaccinia virus (VACV) [59]. AgNPs as photosensitizers and/or radiosensitizers LSPR of nanoparticles enables the use of AgNPs in nonionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. In a report by the Cai group, it was revealed that aptamer–Ag–Au shell–core nanostructures have a high ability to absorb NIR irradiation and are able to perform photothermal therapy of the A549 cells at a low irradiation power density (0.20 W cm−2) without destroying the healthy cells and the surrounding normal tissues [28]. Moreover, it was reported that grapheneoxide@Ag-doxorubicin-DSPE-PEG2000-NGR (GO@Ag-DOX- NGR) showed excellent chemophotothermal therapeutic efficacy, tumor-targeting properties, NIR laser-controlled drug-releasing functions, and X-ray imaging ability in an in vivo murine tumor model [29]. Furthermore, it was revealed that hollow Au–Ag nanoshells (HGNS) showed potential for photothermal therapy because of their stability when PEGylated under laser illumination [6]. In addition, Zhao et al. [30] reported that Fe3O4/Ag/ Drug Discov Today. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 May 01. Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptPDF Image | Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, therapeutic apps
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