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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1763 5 of 24 and tissues. They constitute a rich source of polyphenols, flavonoids, sugars, enzymes, and proteins. NTahnoemseateprihalys t2o0c2h0,e1m0, ixcFaOlsRaPrEeEeRxRtrEaVcItEeWd and directly employed as reducing and stabilizing agents 5foorf t2h5e extracellular biosynthesis of metallic NPs, replacing potentially hazardous chemicals like sodium borohydride (NaBH4) [61]. However, the specific mechanism for this phenomenon has not yet been borohydride (NaBH4) [61]. However, the specific mechanism for this phenomenon has not yet been elucidated due to the great variety of phytoconstituents present in the extracts. Although elucidated due to the great variety of phytoconstituents present in the extracts. Although polyphenols, polyphenols, organic acids, and proteins are considered as the main reducing agents, it is expected organic acids, and proteins are considered as the main reducing agents, it is expected that the different that the different phytochemicals work synergistically [61]. In general, this method can represent a phytochemicals work synergistically [61]. In general, this method can represent a cost-effective suitable cost-effective suitable option for large-scale production processes [72]. option for large-scale production processes [72]. Moreover, these unconventional synthesis methods of AuNPs and AgNPs have the advantage Moreover, these unconventional synthesis methods of AuNPs and AgNPs have the advantage of of producing large quantities of NPs that are free from contamination and possess better-defined size producing large quantities of NPs that are free from contamination and possess better-defined size and morphology. Regarding their morphology, fabrication through plant extract-mediated synthesis and morphology. Regarding their morphology, fabrication through plant extract-mediated synthesis results in NPs with a more energetically favorable spherical shape, which provides the necessary results in NPs with a more energetically favorable spherical shape, which provides the necessary reactivity for different applications, including agricultural activity [73,74]. Four studies have reported reactivity for different applications, including agricultural activity [73,74]. Four studies have reported the synthesis of spherical AgNPs through different extracts like the ones from Tribulus Terrestris fruit, the synthesis of spherical AgNPs through different extracts like the ones from Tribulus Terrestris fruit, Alternanthera dentate leaves, Acorus calamus roots, and Boerhaavia diffusa species whole plant [75–78]. Alternanthera dentate leaves, Acorus calamus roots, and Boerhaavia diffusa species whole plant [75–78]. Other studies have produced NPs from various plant extracts, where, also, differences in shape Other studies have produced NPs from various plant extracts, where, also, differences in shape are are expected to happen when using different structures from the same plant for the extraction process expected to happen when using different structures from the same plant for the extraction process [79,80]. [79,80]. However, as reported by Rajakumar et al., the use of Eclipta prostrate leaves for AuNPs However, as reported by Rajakumar et al., the use of Eclipta prostrate leaves for AuNPs synthesis synthesis produced triangle, pentagon, and hexagon shapes [81]. A disadvantage of these methods is produced triangle, pentagon, and hexagon shapes [81]. A disadvantage of these methods is that raw that raw material’s nature limits the set of conditions under which they can be used, and this can material’s nature limits the set of conditions under which they can be used, and this can impact NPs’ impact NPs’ formation. Therefore, it is necessary to provide well-defined specifications regarding formation. Therefore, it is necessary to provide well-defined specifications regarding temperature, pH, temperature, pH, metallic solution composition, and the reaction time as well [73]. metallic solution composition, and the reaction time as well [73]. Arreche et al. studied two commercial brands of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) for the Arreche et al. studied two commercial brands of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) for the preparation preparation of aqueous extracts to synthesize AgNPs at room temperature using AgNO3 (Figure 2). of aqueous extracts to synthesize AgNPs at room temperature using AgNO3 (Figure 2). The obtained The obtained NPs were spherical, hexagonal, and triangular, with an average particle size of 50 nm NPs were spherical, hexagonal, and triangular, with an average particle size of 50 nm and surface and surface plasmon peak at 460 nm. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against plasmon peak at 460 nm. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations required for E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations required for E. coli were 7.66 and were 7.66 an−d1 17.66 μg*mL−1 using the treatment brand 1 and brand 2, respectively. On the other 17.66 μg·mL using the treatment brand 1 and brand 2, respectively. On the other hand, the values for hand, the values for S. aureus were 2−31.25 and 50.60 μg*mL−1 for the treatment brand 1 and brand 2, S. aureus were 23.25 and 50.60 μg·mL for the treatment brand 1 and brand 2, respectively. The study respectively. The study suggests that polyphenols present in yerba mate leaf extract take action as a suggests that polyphenols present in yerba mate leaf extract take action as a reducing agent and reducing agent and stabilizer of the NPs [82]. stabilizer of the NPs [82]. FFigiguurree22..SSyynnththeessisisooffssilivlveerrnnaannooppaarrtitcicleless(A(AggNPPss))uussininggnnaatuturraalleexxtrtraacctstsffrroomwaasstteess.. Beessidideess,,SSaassididhhaarraanneettaall..uusseeddththeeppeerricicaarrppooffMyyrrisistitcicaafrfraaggaannssfrfruuititeexxtrtraaccttffoorrtthheeeeccoo--ffrrieiennddlyly ssyynntthheessisisooffAggNPPss..InInththisisaappproroaacchh,,ththeeaaqquueeoouussfrfuruititeexxtrtraaccttooffththeepplalannttffuulflfiilleleddrreeduccininggaannd ssttaabbiliilzizininggffuunncctitoionnssffoorrtthheeprreepaarraattioionn,,aannddtthheeobttaainineeddAggNPPsseexxhibibititeeddggoooddccaattaalylytticicaand aanttiibactteriiallactivities[8[833].].AAlklhkahlalfaefteatl.aclo.ncdouncdtuedctaedstuadsytutodiydetnotifdyetnhteifeyffethcteoefftfheectgroefenthseyngtrheesnis soyfnAthgeNsiPssoffroAmgNaNPsigferlolamsataivNaipglealnlatesaxtirvactp,lraensutletixntgraicnt,NrPesutlhtiantgexihnibNitPasntihoaxtideaxnhtibaicttiavnityio[x8i4d]a.nt activiOtyn[8t4h]e. other hand, different attempts have successfully synthesized AuNPs, as well, through theaOpnpltihceatoiothneorfhangdr,eedniffperoecnetsast.teKmepsatsrlhaaevteaslu.cwceosrskfueldlyosnynathgreeseiznedsyAntuhNesPis,masetwheoldl,uthsrinouggahn tahqeuaepopulsiceaxttiroanctooffagfirneenpopwrodceersos.fTKeersmairnlalieatbaell.irwicoardkreydfrounitapegrieceanrps,ywnhthicehsipsemrfeotrhmoeddurseidnugciang aaqnudeosutasbeixlitzriancgt ofuf nacftiinoenps.owThdereoxfpTereirmienatliraebqeullireicda tdoryadfrduiotnpeergircamrp,owf thhicehppoewrfdoerrmteod1r0e0dumcLinogf and stabilizing functions. The experiment required to add one gram of the powder to 100 mL of deionized water, heat and maintain the temperature at 90 °C for 1 h, then cool and filter using a 0.2 mm cellulose nitrate membrane filter. After that, the freshly prepared extract was added to 2 mL of HAuCl4 1 mM and mixed vigorously. The synthesis occurred almost instantaneously, taking less thanPDF Image | Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles from Plant Extracts
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