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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 16 Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 390 7 of 16 Comparing with the literature [41], sodium alginate and gelatin showed less thermal stability than the produced hydrogel. The higher thermal stability of the hydrogel suggests that crosslinked provided thermal resistance and might be the lower release of small molecules like CO2. Sabadini et thermal resistance and might be the lower release of small molecules like CO2. Sabadini et al. [42] al. [42] reported similar thermogravimetric results in hydrogel analysis consisting of sodium alginate reported similar thermogravimetric results in hydrogel analysis consisting of sodium alginate and and chitosan. At a temperature close to 83 °C, the evaporation of water occurred, a chemical process chitosan. At a temperature close to 83 ◦C, the evaporation of water occurred, a chemical process facilitated by the high affinity of these polymers to the aqueous medium. In their study, the initial facilitated by the high affinity of these polymers to the aqueous medium. In their study, the initial mass loss occurred at a temperature of 100 °C, which corroborates similar activities of the hydrogel, mass loss occurred at a temperature of 100 ◦C, which corroborates similar activities of the hydrogel, consisting of sodium alginate and gelatin. The peaks of degradation of the hydrogel mass occurred consisting of sodium alginate and gelatin. The peaks of degradation of the hydrogel mass occurred in temperatures between 239–248 °C, values close to those recorded in our study with the variance in temperatures between 239–248 ◦C, values close to those recorded in our study with the variance between 230–260 °C. (A) (B) Figure 3. Diifffferentiall Scanning Calorimettry (DSC) analysiis (left-hand panel) of the (A) hydrogel alginate/gellattiin(80(:820:)2a0n)da(Bn)dhyd(Bro)gehlywdirthogseilverwniathnopsairlvtiecrlesn(AangoNpPasr)t(ic4lemsM)(;ATghNerPms)ogr(a4vimeMtri)c; (ThGerAm)oagnralvyismise(trigch(Tt-GhaAn)danpalnyesli)so(fri(gAh)t-haynddropgaenl eal)goinfa(tAe/)ghelyadtirnog(e8l0:a2l0g)i,nanted/g(eBla)thinyd(8r0o:g2e0l),wainthd A(Bg)NhPysdr(4ogmelMw).ith AgNPs (4 mM). TEM was performed to determine the morphology of the AgNPs (Figure 4), which exhibited TEM was performed to determine the morphology of the AgNPs (Figure 4), which exhibited a a spherical shape and size dependent on the concentration of silver nitrate. Figure 4a,b shows the spherical shape and size dependent on the concentration of silver nitrate. Figure 4 (a,b) shows the hydrogel with 1 mM AgNPs of approximately 7.5 to 8.3 nm. Figure 4c,d shows the hydrogel with hydrogel with 1 mM AgNPs of approximately 7.5 to 8.3 nm. Figure 4 (c,d) shows the hydrogel with between 230–260 ◦C. 4 mM AgNPs of approximately 20 and 34 nm. 4 mM AgNPs of approximately 20 and 34 nm. Sodium alginate and gelatin act directly as stabilizers, thereby avoiding aggregation of the particles. Sodium alginate and gelatin act directly as stabilizers, thereby avoiding aggregation of the AgNPs, on the other hand, prevent degradation of the hydrogel either by exposure to light or by particles. AgNPs, on the other hand, prevent degradation of the hydrogel either by exposure to light oxidation, avoiding possible chemical reactions. The spherical shape of AgNPs has also been reported or by oxidation, avoiding possible chemical reactions. The spherical shape of AgNPs has also been in the literature [43]. At the nanoscale, most metals tend to agglomerate due to their high surface reported in the literature [43]. At the nanoscale, most metals tend to agglomerate due to their high tension since the particle size results in a large surface area, and most of them have a size around 27 nm surface tension since the particle size results in a large surface area, and most of them have a size but vary in a parameter of 5–50 nm. around 27 nm but vary in a parameter of 5–50 nm. Biological evaluation of nanoparticles-based formulations is a way of verifying the potential toxicity arising from wastes formed during the production process. To be used as a biomaterial, the system must be biocompatible, i.e., it must interact with the physiological environment without undergoing changes or causing tissue damage (ISO E. 10993-5, 2009). ISO 10993-5 suggests that the in vitro cytotoxicity test is the first to evaluate the biocompatibility of a material and in this case, the toxic effects are assessed in normal cells. A viability assay was carried out on human fibroblast L2929 testing all components used for the production of silver nanoparticles at the maximum concentration of 150 μg/mL in DMSO 5%. The results are shown in Figure 5. From all tested samples, only the silver nitrate induced the inhibition of cell proliferation, showing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) when compared to the negative control (DMSO). None of the remaining samples showed statistically significant differences when compared to the negative control (p > 0.05). The negative control group was treated with DMSO 5% only and presented 100% cell viability. Sodium alginate, gelatin, and 4 mM silver nanoparticles treated cells resulted in 100%, 96.66%, and 96% cell viability, respectively. On the other hand, pure silver nitrate induced 47.33% of living cells, thus demonstrating its cytotoxic potential on fibroblasts.PDF Image | Wound Healing Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Hydrogel
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