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Wei et al. Page 2 Introduction AgNPs with unique optical, electronic, and antibacterial properties have been widely used in biosensing [1], photonics [2], electronics [3], and antimicrobial [4] applications, among others. The remarkably strong broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of AgNPs is a major direction for the development of AgNP products, including textiles, food storage containers, antiseptic sprays, catheters, and bandages. The biocidal activity of AgNPs depends on their size, shape, and surface coatings. Therefore, the development of AgNPs with well-controlled morphological and physicochemical features for physiological application in humans is necessary to expand their biomedical applications. Recently, AgNPs have gained increased attention because of their therapeutic applications, such as their promising role as anticancer agents [5]. Positive outcomes have been achieved when incorporating AgNPs into cancer treatments [6]. Here, we focus mainly on the recently reported therapeutic applications of AgNPs as virucidal agents and anticancer agents, and on the safety issues relating to the use of AgNPs in humans and their effects on the environment. We conclude by discussing the prospects for additional uses of AgNPs in the clinic. Synthesis methods Many routes have been introduced for the synthesis of silver nanostructures, which can be categorized as: (i) chemical methods [7–10]; (ii) physical methods [11–14], and (iii) biological methods [15–17]. Chemical methods for the syntheses of silver nanostructures can be subdivided into chemical reduction [7], electrochemical techniques [8], irradiation- assisted chemical methods [9], and pyrolysis [10]. The synthesis of silver nanostructures in solution usually contains three main components: metal precursors, reducing agents, and stabilizing/capping agents. Widely used reducing agents include borohydride, sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, alcohol, and hydrazine compounds. It has been reported that AgNPs supported on nanostructured SiO2 were obtained by flame aerosol technology, which enables close control of Ag content and size [9]. Similarly, Ag/silica nanoparticles with relatively narrow size distribution were made by flame spray pyrolysis (flame aerosol technology) [10]. By contrast, physical methods do not involve toxic chemicals and usually have fast processing times. Such methods include physical vapor condensation [11], Arc- discharge [12], energy ball milling method [13], and direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering [14]. Another advantage of physical methods is that the AgNPs formed have a narrow size distribution [14]; however, a major drawback is their high energy consumption. In the biological synthesis of AgNPs, the toxic reducing agents and stabilizers are replaced by nontoxic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, antioxidants, etc.) produced by living organisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and plants. Biological methods based on microorganisms such as bacteria [15], fungi [16], and yeast [17], have been widely reported. The cheaper plant systems, such as lemongrass, Aloe vera, seaweed, alfalfa, tea, neem, mustard, safeda, lotus, and tulsi, have been explored for the synthesis of AgNP. The possible mechanisms of biological synthesis include enzymatic (e.g., NADPH reductase) and nonenzymatic reduction [18]. In general, AgNP synthesis using plant extracts is the most- used environmentally friendly method of production. Drug Discov Today. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 May 01. Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptPDF Image | Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, therapeutic apps
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