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antibiotics Article Silver Nanoparticles and Polyphenol Inclusion Compounds Composites for Phytophthora cinnamomi Mycelial Growth Inhibition Petruta Mihaela Matei 1,2, Jesús Martín-Gil 2, Beatrice Michaela Iacomi 1, Eduardo Pérez-Lebeña 2, María Teresa Barrio-Arredondo 3 and Pablo Martín-Ramos 4,* ID 1 2 3 4 * Correspondence: pmr@unizar.es; Tel.: +34-(974)-292668 Received: 29 June 2018; Accepted: 15 August 2018; Published: 16 August 2018 Department of Bioengineering of Horticultural and Viticultural Systems, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bulevardul Mărăs, ti 59, Bucures, ti 011464, Romania; petruta.matei@horticultura-bucuresti.ro (P.M.M.); b.iacomi@yahoo.fr (B.M.I.) Agriculture and Forestry Engineering Department, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain; mgil@iaf.uva.es (J.M.-G.); eplebena@gmail.com (E.P.-L.) Centro de Salud Barrio España, Sanidad de Castilla y León (SACYL), Calle de la Costa Brava, 4, 47010 Valladolid, Spain; jesusmartingil@gmail.com Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, EPS, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte, s/n, 22071 Huesca, Spain Abstract: Phytophthora cinnamomi, responsible for “root rot” or “dieback” plant disease, causes a significant amount of economic and environmental impact. In this work, the fungicide action of nanocomposites based on silver nanoparticles and polyphenol inclusion compounds, which feature enhanced bioavailability and water solubility, was assayed for the control of this soil-borne water mold. Inclusion compounds were prepared by an aqueous two-phase system separation method through extraction, either in an hydroalcoholic solution with chitosan oligomers (COS) or in a choline chloride:urea:glycerol deep eutectic solvent (DES). The new inclusion compounds were synthesized from stevioside and various polyphenols (gallic acid, silymarin, ferulic acid and curcumin), in a [6:1] ratio in the COS medium and in a [3:1] ratio in the DES medium, respectively. Their in vitro response against Phytophthora cinnamomi isolate MYC43 (at concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 μg·mL−1) was tested, which found a significant mycelial growth inhibition, particularly high for the composites prepared using DES. Therefore, these nanocomposites hold promise as an alternative to fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl conventional systemic fungicides. Keywords: antifungal; chitosan oligomers; composites; deep eutectic solvents; phenolic compounds; Phytophthora cinnamomi; root rot; silver nanoparticles 1. Introduction Nanotechnology has shown remarkable applications in biomedicine, diagnosis and antibacterial treatments, and is now transforming the agricultural sector, particularly with the development of novel nanopesticides and nanofertilizers [1]. The increase in the frequency of resistant or tolerant pathogenic agents, which has in turn led to an excessive application of pesticides, has resulted in an increase in the presence of residues in food products, which may pose a major risk to health. The design and testing of safe, effective and environmentally sustainable formulations based on nanoemulsions, nanocomposites and nanoparticles to control agricultural pests and pathogens has become a burgeoning field of research in the past few years. Antibiotics 2018, 7, 76; doi:10.3390/antibiotics7030076 www.mdpi.com/journal/antibioticsPDF Image | Silver Nano Polyphenol Inclusion Compounds Composites
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