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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1146 2 of 24 2. Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 26 Green synthesis of NPs is a cost-effective and eco-friendly technique that does not use toxic chemicals. This technique employs a number of reducing and stabilizing agents like microbes, plants Green synthesis of NPs is a cost-effective and eco-friendly technique that does not use toxic and other natural resources to produce NPs for sustainable in manner [7,8]. The green synthesis of chemicals. This technique employs a number of reducing and stabilizing agents like microbes, plants NPshasndgaoitnhedrnmatucrhalartetseonutricoensdtoupertooduitcbeeNinPgsefocros-fursiteanindalbyl,ecoinstmeaffnencetriv[7e,8a]n.dTheighrelyenstsaybnltehe[s9i]s.oSfeveral NPs has gained much attention due to it being eco-friendly, cost effective and highly stable [9]. studies have reported the production of NPs using plants and microorganisms [10,11]. The green Several studies have reported the production of NPs using plants and microorganisms [10,11]. The synthesis methods of NPs are diversified, but organisms or their extracts are simply reacted with a green synthesis methods of NPs are diversified, but organisms or their extracts are simply reacted metallic salt and then biological reduction is carried out to convert the metal to NPs. The produced with a metallic salt and then biological reduction is carried out to convert the metal to NPs. The NPs are readily available to use after proper characterization [10,12]. produced NPs are readily available to use after proper characterization [10,12]. Microbe-mediated synthesis of NPs is a green approach that utilizes bacteria, fungi, viruses Microbe-mediated synthesis of NPs is a green approach that utilizes bacteria, fungi, viruses and and their products for the production of NPs. These microbes provide templates for synthesis and their products for the production of NPs. These microbes provide templates for synthesis and organiozragtaionnizoatfiownelolf-dwefielnl-edde,fisnterdu,ctsutrruecdtuNrePdsN[1P3s,1[41]3.,1In4]c.oInmpcoamripsoarnistonmtoicrmobiciraolbsiyalntshyensthisesaisaapsoatential techniqpuote,nptilalntetschcnainqube,pulsaendtsicnacnobnevuesneidenintmcoannvenneirenfotrmNanPnseprrfordNucPtsiopnro.dTuhcetiosny.nTthesiysnothfeNsiPssofcanbe NPs can be scaled up easily by using plant extracts. In addition, the plant extracts can reduce metallic scaled up easily by using plant extracts. In addition, the plant extracts can reduce metallic ions more ions more quickly than microbes and produce stable metallic NPs [10,15]. In plants extracts, many quickly than microbes and produce stable metallic NPs [10,15]. In plants extracts, many compounds like compounds like polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, organic acids and phytochemicals like polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, organic acids and phytochemicals like polyphenols, flavonoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, and alcoholic substances are present that can terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, and alcoholic substances are present that can reduce and stabilize the reduce and stabilize the NPs [12,16]. A generalized schematic representation of green synthesis of NPs [12,16]. A generalized schematic representation of green synthesis of NPs is shown in Figure 1. NPs is shown in Figure 1. FigureFi1g.uGree1n.eGraenliezreadlizsecdhsecmheamtiactircerperperseesnentatatitoion of greenssyynnthtehseisiosfomfemtaelltiaclnliacnnopanarotipcalersti(cNlePs)(.NPs). 2.1. Microbe-Based Synthesis The green synthesis mediated by microbes has been raised as an alternative method of NPs design and development [17,18]. Microbes can be used as safe and cheap tools for synthesis of metallic NPs like gold, silver, copper, zinc, titanium, palladium, and nickel. The synthesis of NPs can be carried out both extracellularly and intracellularly using microbes [19]. For extracellular synthesis, the culture filtrate is collected by centrifugation and mixed with an aqueous metallic salt solution. Synthesis of NPs is monitored by the color change of the mixed solution. For example, the light yellow to dark brownPDF Image | Plant and Microbe-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
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