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nanomaterials Review Nanomaterials in Cosmetics: Recent Updates Georgios Fytianos 1,2,* , Abbas Rahdar 3 and George Z. Kyzas 1,* 1 2 3 * Correspondence: gfytianos@gmail.com (G.F.); kyzas@chem.ihu.gr (G.Z.K.); Tel.: +30-2510-462218 (G.Z.K.) Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Sindos, Greece Department of Physics, Faculty of science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran; a.rahdar@uoz.ac.ir Received: 13 April 2020; Accepted: 8 May 2020; Published: 20 May 2020 Abstract: This review paper collects the recent updates regarding the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics. Special focus is given to the applications of nanomaterials in the cosmetic industry, their unique features, as well as the advantages of nanoscale ingredients compared to non-nanoscale products. The state-of-the-art practices for physicochemical and toxicological characterization of nanomaterials are also reviewed. Moreover, special focus is given to the current regulations and safety assessments that are currently in place regarding the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics—the new 2019 European guidance for the safety assessment of nanomaterials in cosmetics, together with the new proposed methodologies for the toxicity evaluation of nanomaterials. Concerns over health risks have limited the further incorporation of nanomaterials in cosmetics, and since new nanomaterials may be used in the future by the cosmetic industry, a detailed characterization and risk assessment are needed to fulfill the standard safety requirements. Keywords: nanomaterials; cosmetics; regulations; toxicity; safety 1. Introduction Nanomaterials belong to a large “section” of materials, and their use has garnered great attention due to their significant physicochemical properties [1]. Among the first industries to implement nanotechnology-based materials is the cosmetics industry [2]. Nano-based ingredients have been in use in the cosmetic industry for more than 30 years [3–5]. In the EU, the official definition of a nanomaterial in cosmetics is given as: “an insoluble or bio-persistent and intentionally manufactured material with one or more external dimensions, or an internal structure, on the scale from 1 to 100 nm” [6]. Nanomaterials-based cosmetics show some unique advantages compared to micro-scale cosmetics. The use of nanomaterials (NMs) by the cosmetic industry aims for long-lasting effects and increased stability. The high surface area of nanomaterials allows for more efficient transport of the ingredients through the skin [7]. Some of the main targets of using nanomaterials in cosmetics could be the efficient penetration into the skin for the improved delivery of the ingredients of the product, new color elements (e.g., in lipsticks, and nail polishes), transparency (e.g., in sunscreens), and long-lasting effects (e.g., in makeup) (Figure 1). The ultimate goal of the cosmetic industries when using NMs is to deliver the right amount of ingredients to the desired parts of the body, and to attain long term stability. Currently, the most common use of NMs in cosmetics is in skincare products, and particularly, in sunscreens to act as UV filters. In 1986, Christian Dior launched the anti-aging cream CaptureTM which was based on liposomes. Over the years, hundreds of cosmetic products began to use NMs, and various world-famous cosmetic brands use NMs in their products [8]. L’Oréal S.A., which invests a great amount of revenue in nanotechnology, ranks sixth in the United States in the number of obtained nanotechnology-related patents [9], and uses up to four nano-ingredients (i.e., TiO2, ZnO, silica, carbon black) in some of their Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 979; doi:10.3390/nano10050979 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterialsPDF Image | Nanomaterials in Cosmetics: Recent Updates
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