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nanomaterials Article Effective Inhibition of Candidiasis Using an Eco-Friendly Leaf Extract of Calotropis-gigantean-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Enas M. Ali 1,2 and Basem M. Abdallah 1,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; eabdelkader@kfu.edu.sa Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt 2 * Correspondence: babdallallah@kfu.edu.sa Received: 4 February 2020; Accepted: 25 February 2020; Published: 28 February 2020 Abstract: The approaches used for the green biosynthesis of nanoparticles with clinical applications have been widely used in nanotechnology due to their potential to provide safe, eco-friendly, cost effective, high-stability, and high-loading-capacity nanoparticles. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-candidal activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea (CG) alone or in a combination with the plant extract of CG (AgNPs/CG). AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of the standard disk diffusion method revealed that AgNPs alone displayed anti-candidal activity (11.33-mm inhibition zone), while AgNPs/CG displayed a strong synergistic anti-candidal activity (17.76-mm inhibition zone). Similarly, AgNPs/CG completely inhibited the growth of C. albicans after 4 h of incubation, as measured using the time-kill assay. In addition, AgNPs/CG inhibited the dimorphic transition of C. albicans and suppressed both the adhesion and the biofilm formation of C. albicans by 41% and 38%, respectively. The treatment of Candida. albicans with AgNPs/CG showed a significant inhibition of the production of several antioxidant enzymes. Interestingly, AgNPs/CG did not show any cytotoxicity in animal cells, including the MCF-7 cell line and primary mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs), at the concentration used to completely inhibit the dimorphic transition of C. albicans. In conclusion, we identified AgNPs/CG as a promising natural-product-based nanoparticle that can potentially be used as an anti-candidal drug. Keywords: silver nanoparticles; Calotropis gigantea; Candida albicans; dimorphism; biofilm 1. Introduction Candida albicans is a member of the human gut flora and is also an opportunistic pathogenic yeast [1]. C. albicans, together with other species of Candida, such as C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata, are responsible for approximately 50–90% of all cases of candidiasis in humans [2]. C. albicans is identified as one of the most common agents responsible for invasive candidiasis and its infection causes a mortality rate of 40% for patients with systemic candidiasis. Invasive candidiasis contracted in a hospital setting could cause up to 11,200 deaths annually in the United States [3]. C. albicans can be found in the oral cavity of 75% of the population. In immunocompromised individuals, it can cause recalcitrant infections of the oral cavity termed oral candidiasis. Approximately 75% of all women suffer at least once in their lifetime from vulvovaginal candidiasis, with 40%–50% experiencing at least one additional episode of infection [4]. A wide range of virulence factors supports the infection ability of C. albicans, including the morphological transition between yeast and hyphal forms (phenotypic switching), and the expression Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 422; doi:10.3390/nano10030422 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterialsPDF Image | Inhibition of Candidiasis Calotropis Silver Nanoparticles
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