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nanomaterials Article The Design, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Heat and Silver Crosslinked Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogel Forming Dressings Containing Silver Nanoparticles John Jackson 1,*, Helen Burt 1, Dirk Lange 2, In Whang 1, Robin Evans 3 and David Plackett 1 Citation: Jackson, J.; Burt, H.; Lange, D.; Whang, I.; Evans, R.; Plackett, D. The Design, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Heat and Silver Crosslinked Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogel Forming Dressings Containing Silver Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nano11010096 Received: 19 November 2020 Accepted: 29 December 2020 Published: 4 January 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- ms in published maps and institutio- nal affiliations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and con- ditions of the Creative Commons At- tribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 2 Abstract: The prompt treatment of burn wounds is essential but can be challenging in remote parts of Africa, where burns from open fires are a constant hazard for children and suitable medical care may be far away. Consequently, there is an unmet need for an economical burn wound dressing with a sustained antimicrobial activity that might be manufactured locally at low cost. This study describes and characterizes the novel preparation of a silver nitrate-loaded/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film. Using controlled heating cycles, films may be crosslinked with in situ silver nanoparticle production using only a low heat oven and little technical expertise. Our research demonstrated that heat-curing of PVA/silver nitrate films converted the silver to nanoparticles. These films swelled in water to form a robust, wound-compatible hydrogel which exhibited controlled release of the antibacterial silver nanoparticles. An optimal formulation was obtained using 5% (w/w) silver nitrate in PVA membrane films that had been heated at 140 ◦C for 90 min. Physical and chemical characterization of such films was complemented by in vitro studies that confirmed the effective antibacterial activity of the released silver nanoparticles against both gram positive and negative bacteria. Overall, these findings provide economical and simple methods to manufacture stable, hydrogel forming wound dressings that release antibiotic silver over prolonged periods suitable for emergency use in remote locations. Keywords: wound dressing; silver nanoparticles; PVA hydrogel; anti-infective 1. Introduction Traumatic burn wounds resulting from accidents associated with open fires used for heating and cooking are common in the rural areas of African countries. Children in particular suffer many such injuries and, in remote locations far from medical care, burn wounds can often lead to more complex care situations [1,2]. Commercial wound dressings are normally much too expensive to be used in most African settings. We therefore initiated a research project aimed at developing a package or kit that could be used for immediate treatment of burn wounds in remote African communities. Such kits might contain a dressing, a pictorial instruction manual for application of the dressing, a bottle of rehydration salts, and cell phone numbers for clinics or nurses. These kits might provide an important window of opportunity for the injured person to access proper hospital care before serious infection or abnormal healing might occur. The wound dressing, as the key component of the proposed burn survival kit, should provide an anti-infective comfortable wound covering for one week or more and be easily removable without trauma to the patient. UBC Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2045 Wesbrook Mall, UBC, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; helen.burt@ubc.ca (H.B.); inwhang2010@gmail.com (I.W.); davidplackett@gmail.com (D.P.) Stone Centre, UBC Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; dirk.lange@stonecentrevgh.ca 3 robinjamesevans@gmail.com Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Ventura county medical clinic, Ventura, CA 93003, USA; * Correspondence: jackson@mail.ubc.ca Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010096 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterialsPDF Image | Hydrogel Forming Dressings Containing Silver Nanoparticles
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