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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2202 3 of 16 liquid films with thicknesses usually around 50 to 300 microns for water-like liquids [44,53]. Within these thin liquid films, waves and instabilities are created as a result of the high shear generated through the rotation of the disc, intensifying micromixing within the film [54–56]. Plug flow characteristics have also been attributed to film flow in the SDR [57]. Furthermore, residence times are short (of the order of seconds in one disc pass) and can be controlled through the manipulation of operating parameters. The characteristic parameters for the SDR, such as average radial velocity, uav, (Equation (1)) film thickness, δ (Equation (2)) and residence time, tres (Equation (3)) are derived from a model based on the Nusselt (1916) theory [55,58]. Q 2 ω 2 13 uav = 12π2νr (1) 3Qν 13 δ = 2πω2r2 (2) where Q is the volumetric flow rate, ω the angular velocity, ν is the kinematic viscosity of the liquid, ro is the outer disc radius and ri is the inner disc radius where the feed is introduced to the SDR. The validation of these equations relies largely on the dominance of centrifugal forces. When centrifugal acceleration dominates, Coriolis acceleration is considered to be negligible. This is the case typically for highly viscous liquids and/or at distances away from the centre of the disc where film thickness is at a minimum, satisfying the following condition for the centrifugal model [59]: ν ≫ ωδ2. Coriolis forces (Figure 1), on the other hand, come into play when the radial velocity distribution term, vr, is of a considerable magnitude. This generates acceleration in the angular direction opposite to rotation, known as Coriolis acceleration, and is defined as [55]: acor = 2vrω. (4) Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the centrifugal and Coriolis forces acting on a rotating disc. Previous work involving the solvent–antisolvent precipitation of starch nanoparticles in a spinning disc reactor has demonstrated that starch nanoparticle size is influenced by flow rate, disc rotational speed, and antisolvent to solvent ratio [28]. The study indicated a reduction in particle size with an increase in flow rate and disc rotational speed. This was attributed to the increase in shear as either flow rate or disc rotational speed were increased, leading to enhanced micromixing between the solvent/solute and the antisolvent, and generating supersaturation at a faster rate. In addition, an increase in antisolvent to solvent ratio demonstrated a reduction in particle size, caused by an increase in supersaturation. tres = 312π2ν r4/3 − r4/3 (3) 1/3 4Q2ω2 0 iPDF Image | Hydro Starch Nanoparticles Precip Spinning Disc Reactor
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