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nanomaterials Review Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles from Plant Extracts and Their Possible Applications as Antimicrobial Agents in the Agricultural Area Luis Castillo-Henríquez 1 , Karla Alfaro-Aguilar 2, Jeisson Ugalde-Álvarez 1 , Laura Vega-Fernández 2, Gabriela Montes de Oca-Vásquez 1 and José Roberto Vega-Baudrit 1,2,* 1 National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; luis.castillohenriquez@ucr.ac.cr (L.C.-H.); jei.ugalde@gmail.com (J.U.-Á.); gmontesdeoca@cenat.ac.cr (G.M.d.O.-V.) Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; karla.alfaro30@gmail.com (K.A.-A.); laly.vega@hotmail.com (L.V.-F.) 2 * Correspondence: jose.vega.baudrit@una.cr Received: 12 July 2020; Accepted: 26 August 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: Currently, metal nanoparticles have varied uses for different medical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications. Nanobiotechnology, combined with green chemistry, has great potential for the development of novel and necessary products that benefit human health, environment, and industries. Green chemistry has an important role due to its contribution to unconventional synthesis methods of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts, which have exhibited antimicrobial potential, among other outstanding properties. Biodiversity-rich countries need to collect and convert knowledge from biological resources into processes, compounds, methods, and tools, which need to be achieved along with sustainable use and exploitation of biological diversity. Therefore, this paper describes the relevant reported green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts and their capacity as antimicrobial agents within the agricultural field for fighting against bacterial and fungal pathogens that can cause plant, waterborne, and foodborne diseases. Moreover, this work makes a brief review of nanoparticles’ contribution to water treatment and the development of “environmentally-friendly” nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanoherbicides, as well as presenting the harmful effects of nanoparticles accumulation in plants and soils. Keywords: agricultural industry; antibacterial; antimicrobial; green synthesis; gold; nanobiotechnology; nanoparticles; silver; sustainable development 1. Introduction Green chemistry has been developed as an alternative to the use of environmentally harmful processes and products due to the serious consequences that the world is facing and the limited available time to find effective solutions [1–3]. According to Menges, it is suggested that green chemistry could have saved USD 65.5 billion by the end of 2020 [4]. Chen et al. stated that circular economies (i.e., an economy that gradually decouples economic activity from finite resources consumption) should always aim to balance economic growth, resource sustainability, and environmental protection [5]. The challenge for biodiversity-rich countries and scientists working in these countries is to collect and convert knowledge from biological resources into processes, compounds, methods, and tools, which need to be achieved along with sustainable use and exploitation of biological diversity [6–8]. In addition to that, biodiversity exploration has been presented to the international scientific community as a promoter of the responsible use of nature, and as a means of obtaining non-harmful components as well. For this reason, different strategies Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1763; doi:10.3390/nano10091763 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterialsPDF Image | Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles from Plant Extracts
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