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Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 1044 3 of 19 Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20 Figure 1. Schematic representation for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using Figure 1. Schematic representation for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using different different biomolecules. biomolecules. 2.1. Silver Nanoparticles 2.1. Silver Nanoparticles Silver is known for its inhibitory effect on various pathogenic bacteria found in medical and Silver is known for its inhibitory effect on various pathogenic bacteria found in medical and industrial processes. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles has been shown as an easier and benign industrial processes. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles has been shown as an easier and benign method compared with chemical methods [31]. A unique property of AgNPs is their large surface area method compared with chemical methods [31]. A unique property of AgNPs is their large surface and the fractions found on their surface atoms, which is significant in therapeutic applications [32,33]. area and the fractions found on their surface atoms, which is significant in therapeutic applications Different parts of plant extracts have been used in the synthesis of AgNPs using silver ions [32,33]. as substrates. Dhand et al. [34] reported the synthesis of highly stable crystalline spherical AgNPs Different parts of plant extracts have been used in the synthesis of AgNPs using silver ions as (20–30 nm) by exposing the hydroalcoholic extract of Coffea arabica to silver nitrate solution. They substrates. Dhand et al. [34] reported the synthesis of highly stable crystalline spherical AgNPs (20– reported smaller particle size with a higher concentration of silver nitrate at 0.1 M within 2 h of 30 nm) by exposing the hydroalcoholic extract of Coffea arabica to silver nitrate solution. They reported synthesis at room temperature. The as-synthesized AgNPs had an inhibitory effect against E. coli and smaller particle size with a higher concentration of silver nitrate at 0.1 M within 2 h of synthesis at S. aureus. Khali et al. [35] reported the synthesis of spherical AgNPs using the aqueous extract of the room temperature. The as-synthesized AgNPs had an inhibitory effect against E. coli and S. aureus. olive leaf. They observed that smaller size NPs were recorded at an alkaline pH of 8 rather than an Khali et al. [35] reported the synthesis of spherical AgNPs using the aqueous extract of the olive leaf. acidic pH of 3. Aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum and its bioactive compound, quercetin, were used They observed that smaller size NPs were recorded at an alkaline pH of 8 rather than an acidic pH of for the synthesis of spherical AgNPs by Jain and Mehata [36]. It was reported that quercetin produced 3. Aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum and its bioactive compound, quercetin, were used for the a smaller particle size of 11.35 nm and a narrow plasmon peak as compared to the whole leaf extract of synthesis of spherical AgNPs by Jain and Mehata [36]. It was reported that quercetin produced a Ocimum sanctum with a particle size of 14.6 nm. This suggests that quercetin is a strong redundant smaller particle size of 11.35 nm and a narrow plasmon peak as compared to the whole leaf extract of present in Ocimum sanctum. Leela et al. [37] studied different leaf extracts of plants, namely, Helianthus Ocimum sanctum with a particle size of 14.6 nm. This suggests that quercetin is a strong redundant annus, Basella alba, Oryza sativa, Saccharu icinarum, Sorghum bicolar, and Zea mays They found that present in Ocimum sanctum. Leela et al. [37] studied different leaf extracts of plants, namely, Helianthus among all the tested plant extracts, H. annus had the strongest potential for rapid reduction of silver annus, Basella alba, Oryza sativa, Saccharu icinarum, Sorghum bicolar, and Zea mays They found that ions. Shaik et al. [38] demonstrated the effect of a different volume of the Origanum vulgare extract among all the tested plant extracts, H. annus had the strongest potential for rapid reduction of silver in the synthesis of a different size of AgNPs. Increasing the volume of the extract produced smaller ions. Shaik et al. [38] demonstrated the effect of a different volume of the Origanum vulgare extract in NPs, which had a bactericidal effect on both Gram positive (+ve) and Gram negative (−ve) bacteria. the synthesis of a different size of AgNPs. Increasing the volume of the extract produced smaller NPs, Padalia et al. [39] used the aqueous extract of the Tagetes erecta flower to synthesis predominantly which had a bactericidal effect on both Gram positive (+ve) and Gram negative (−ve) bacteria. Padalia spherical and hexagonal AgNPs. The as-synthesized AgNPs coupled with commercial antibiotics had et al. [39] used the aqueous extract of the Tagetes erecta flower to synthesis predominantly spherical a better antibacterial effect than using the commercial antibiotics alone. In our group, we reported and hexagonal AgNPs. The as-synthesized AgNPs coupled with commercial antibiotics had a better the synthesis of spherical AgNPs using the aqueous extract of Combretum erythrophyllum leaf and antibacterial effect than using the commercial antibiotics alone. In our group, we reported the it was reported to have strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus species implicated in synthesis of spherical AgNPs using the aqueous extract of Combretum erythrophyllum leaf and it was dermatological infections [18]. Nouri et al. [40] used the aqueous extract of the Mentha aquatica leaf reported to have strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus species implicated in extract to synthesize spherical AgNPs. The results showed the significant effect of the ultrasound dermatological infections [18]. Nouri et al. [40] used the aqueous extract of the Mentha aquatica leaf during the synthesis to produce smaller AgNPs (8 nm) with enhanced antibacterial activity by lowering extract to synthesize spherical AgNPs. The results showed the significant effect of the ultrasound the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as compared to those synthesized with the hydrothermal during the synthesis to produce smaller AgNPs (8 nm) with enhanced antibacterial activity by lowering the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as compared to those synthesized with thePDF Image | Bactericidal Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant Nanoparticles
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