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Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations in Simple and Polyelectrolytes by Sven Schlumpberger Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering on April 15, 2016, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering Abstract Desalination systems have become an important part of many water supply networks and they have also been considered as solutions for water shortages and in areas in which access to clean and safe water is still a problem. The range of available water that is encountered in these situations tends to be quite large, ranging from seawater to just slightly brackish water to even just water with trace amounts of toxic ions or small amounts of infectious bacteria or viral particles. While current technologies provide a very good solution to desalinating seawater via reverse osmosis, the solutions that are currently used for brackish water or contaminated water are often suboptimal in that they are often inefficient in this operating regime and that it is also often difficult to deploy these systems in environments with little infrastructure. In this thesis, shock electrodialysis is proposed and examined for its potential to ef- fectively providing a solution for use with brackish water but especially contaminated water. Shock electrodialysis is in many ways related to electrodialysis, but it is based on the emerging science of desalination shocks in porous media, giving it the distinct advantage of using fewer membranes and separating fresh and brine stream via a non-physical barrier (i.e. the shock), which then also allows for removal of particles. Furthermore, in contrast to electrodialysis, it is able to completely deionize water, which is extremely important when dealing with water sources that are contaminated with traces of toxic ions. Experimental results from a proof-of-concept prototype are presented and compared with numerical and analytical modeling result with the aim to better understand the important factors in shock electrodialysis. These results suggest that, while shock electrodialysis can indeed fully deionize water, the energy efficiency is currently still very low and needs to be significantly improved before this technology can be effectively employed in the field. In addition to shock electrodialysis, this thesis also explores the use of a 4th-order Poisson equation to include ion-ion correlations in a simple manner when modeling two different systems. The first system considered is a surface that was coated with a polyelectrolyte together in solution with a simple electrolyte of various concentration, which is of interest because as the concentration varies, inversion of the apparent 3PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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