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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 3 of 72 Membranes 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 73 last 50 years. Then, the principles and state of the art on membrane phenomena, limiting current during the last 50 years. Then, the principles and state of the art on membrane phenomena, limiting density, electroconvective vortices and pulsed electric field are described and the main equations current density, electroconvective vortices and pulsed electric field are described and the main assoecqiuaatetidontsoamssaoscsiatreadntsofemrasrsetrsahnosrftelryapreressheonrtleydp. rAesfetnetretdh.aAt,fttehrethmato,stht eremceonstrdeecevnetlodpemveelonptsmbeanstsed on eblaescetdroodniaelyletcitcromdeiamlybtricanmeepmhbernaonme penheansoumchenassaupcphliacsaatipopnlsicoaftioenlesctorfoecloenctvreoctoinvveevcotirvteicveos,rtuicses,of pulsuesde-eolfepcturliscefide-eldle,cetrleictfrioedlde,ioenleicztarotidoenioanidzasthionckanedlecsthrocdkiaelylescitsroadreiadlyiscisusasredd. iBscaussesdedo.nBtahseesde nonew these new developments or technologies, the integration of electrodialytic technologies in sustainable developments or technologies, the integration of electrodialytic technologies in sustainable strategies strategies or use of eco-efficient new electrodialytic technologies such as electrodialysis with filtration or use of eco-efficient new electrodialytic technologies such as electrodialysis with filtration membrane membrane are presented and proposed. are presented and proposed. 2. Overview of Electrodialytic Equipment Market and Manufacturers 2. Overview of Electrodialytic Equipment Market and Manufacturers 2.1.2E.1l.ecEtlreocdtriaodlyiatilcytEicqEuiqpumipemnetnMt Marakrektet Among other technologies, our electrodialytic equipment market overview focuses on Among other technologies, our electrodialytic equipment market overview focuses on conventional electrodialysis (ED), electrodialysis reversal (EDR), electrodeionization conventional electrodialysis (ED), electrodialysis reversal (EDR), electrodeionization (EDI)/continuous (EDI)/continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) and electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM), electrodeionization (CEDI) and electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM), since they are the since they are the most widespread technologies amongst electrodialytic systems. Hence, the most widespread technologies amongst electrodialytic systems. Hence, the worldwide market for worldwide market for electrodialysis systems was of 318.4 million USD in 2019 and is expected to electrodialysis systems was of 318.4 million USD in 2019 and is expected to reach 458 million USD by reach 458 million USD by the end of 2025 with roughly a 5.5–5.8% annual growth rate over the next the end of 2025 with roughly a 5.5–5.8% annual growth rate over the next five years [12,13]. China is five years [12,13]. China is the country buying the highest number of electrodialysis units in the the country buying the highest number of electrodialysis units in the World with forecast sales of World with forecast sales of 833 units in 2020 just in front of the USA with 547 units (Figure 2) [13]. 833 units in 2020 just in front of the USA with 547 units (Figure 2) [13]. ED equipments are sold in ED equipments are sold in many countries around the World, but the main markets for such an many countries around the World, but the main markets for such an equipment are concentrated in equipment are concentrated in 8 countries (China, USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico, France, Canada 8 countries (China, USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico, France, Canada and Brazil) representing more than and Brazil) representing more than 75% of all ED unit sales. In terms of revenues, the order between 75% of all ED unit sales. In terms of revenues, the order between China and the USA is reversed, China and the USA is reversed, since the USA has the highest revenues, close to 50 million USD. In since the USA has the highest revenues, close to 50 million USD. In terms of revenues, the USA, China, terms of revenues, the USA, China, Japan and Germany represent more than 53% of the total world Japan and Germany represent more than 53% of the total world revenues [13]. revenues [13]. Egypt Nigeria United Arab Emirates Argentina Saudi Arabia South Africa Italy United Kingdom Russia Korea India Brazil Canada France Mexico Germany Japan United States China Revenues (Million US dollars) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Sales Revenues 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Sales (ED Units) Figure 2. Forecast sales (in number of conventional electrodialysis Units) and revenues (in million US Figure 2. Forecast sales (in number of conventional electrodialysis Units) and revenues (in million US dollars) by countries for 2020. dollars) by countries for 2020. Electrodialytic systems are used all around the world for five main purposes: (1) water Electrodialytic systems are used all around the world for five main purposes: (1) water desalination desalination such as desalination of sea water, desalination of well water, denitrification, treatment such as desalination of sea water, desalination of well water, denitrification, treatment of brackish water, of brackish water, etc., (2) waste water treatment such as desalination and recycling of drainage from etc., (2) waste water treatment such as desalination and recycling of drainage from industrial processes,PDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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