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Membranes 2020, 10, 347 4 of 15 desalination data on a single desalination curve, where desalination is a function of dimensionless current Ĩ described as I= I (1) zcFQ where I is the applied current, z is the cation charge, c is the cation concentration, F is Faraday’s constant, and Q is the volumetric flow rate of the feed. When using a solution with only single species of cation present and assuming the anion transport across the cation-exchange membrane is zero, the denominator in Equation (1) presents diffusion-limited current defined as the rate of forced convection of positive charge carriers [18]: Ilim = iziciFQ (2) where the i index corresponds to a specific cation present in the solution. When combining positively charged porous material with anion-exchange membranes, the current is limited by anions, whereas it is assumed that there is no transport of cations across the anion-exchange membranes. Figure 2. Comparison of “Gen. II” and “Gen. III” units built at TUL. (a) Gen II was built based on [21] (b) Gen III unit made of transparent polycarbonate, (c) top-down view of Gen. III unit made of polyvinyl chloride, without the separator. (d) comparison of the latest (3D printed) Gen. III unit with the Gen. II unit. Table 1. Comparison of desalination performance between our units built at the Technical University of Liberec (TUL) and the results reported by [20] (marked as Reference units) at the same dimensionless current, a parameter defined by Equation (1). The number presented in the reference unit column expresses the desalination performance of Schlumpberger’s reference unit at the same dimensionless current as was used to characterize the Gen. II and III units, respectively. The “Gen. II unit” used silica glass frit and a design very similar to the reference unit, and the “Gen. III unit” was a scaled-up unit described above, fitted with silica ceramics with the porosity and pore size comparable to the glass frit. Dimensionless Current (1.1.) Ĩ ≈ 0.4 Ĩ ≈ 0.6 Gen. II Unit 36 - Desalination (%) Gen III Unit - 40 Reference Unit ≈40 ≈60 In this work, we present a new, larger SED unit with optimized components and a multi-stack friendly design inspired by the previous work and experience. Furthermore, for the first time in SED development, we have utilized anion-exchange membranes to separate anions. We report data obtained from basic experiments showing single salt electrolyte desalination performance in a galvanostatic regime. We once again compare the data to the previous generation units, assess the energy consumption of the device, and discuss the possible improvements in design for future work.PDF Image | Desalination Performance Assessment Anion-Exchange Membranes
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