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Desalination Performance Assessment Anion-Exchange Membranes

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membranes Article Desalination Performance Assessment of Scalable, Multi-Stack Ready Shock Electrodialysis Unit Utilizing Anion-Exchange Membranes Jan Cˇ ížek 1,*, Petr Cvejn 1, Jaromír Marek 2 and David Tvrzník 3 1 2 3 Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 14 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of New Technologies and Applied Informatics, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; petr.cvejn@tul.cz Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; jaromir.marek@tul.cz MemBrain s.r.o., Pod Vinicí 87, 47127 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic; david.tvrznik@membrain.cz * Correspondence: jan.cizek1@tul.cz; Tel.: +420-722-596133 Abstract: Incumbent electromembrane separation processes, including electrodialysis (ED) and electrodeionization (EDI), provide competitive techniques for desalination, selective separation, and unique solutions for ultra-pure water production. However, most of these common electrochemical systems are limited by concentration polarization and the necessity for multistep raw water pre-treatment. Shock electrodialysis (SED) utilizes overlimiting current to produce fresh, deionized water in a single step process by extending ion depleted zones that propagate through a porous medium as a sharp concentration gradient or a shock wave. So far, SED has been demonstrated on small scale laboratory units using cation-exchange membranes. In this work, we present a scalable and multi-stack ready unit with a large, 5000 mm2 membrane active area designed and constructed at the Technical University of Liberec in cooperation with MemBrain s.r.o. and Mega a.s. companies (Czechia). We report more than 99% salt rejection using anion-exchange membranes, depending on a dimensionless parameter that scales the constant applied current by the limiting current. It is shown that these parameters are most probably associated with pore size and porous media chemistry. Further design changes need to be done to the separator, the porous medium, and other functional elements to improve the functionality and energy efficiency. Keywords: desalination; shock electrodialysis; scale-up; porous medium; electrokinetics 1. Introduction As the human population keeps growing, the demand for freshwater is predestined to grow as well. With the world population estimated at 10 billion in 2050, the current water scarcity, already present in certain regions, is a problem that needs to be addressed as soon as possible. However, it is not only more people that drive the need for water. The water use has grown at more than twice the rate of the population growth in the last century [1]. Evolving technologies, agriculture, and people’s overall wellbeing go hand in hand with the increased use of the most basic, yet possibly the most precious resource, water. There is also another side of the problem that arises from the management of the used water, which is very often unsuitable for further usage in industry or for normal individual consumption. Of course, there is a finite and constant amount of water on the planet. Therefore, it is our essential yet extremely challenging task to manage water resources sustainably and to treat both the natural resources and wastewaters as efficiently as possible. 􏰁􏰂􏰃 􏰅􏰆􏰇 􏰈􏰉􏰊􏰋􏰌􏰂􏰍 Membranes 2020, 10, 347; doi:10.3390/membranes10110347 www.mdpi.com/journal/membranes

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