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Thermal Energy Storage Technologies

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Thermal Energy Storage Technologies ( thermal-energy-storage-technologies )

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Figure 2. Diagram illustrating how thermal storage can increase the flexibility of traditional baseload power plants that rely on thermal energy [6]. 3.3. Technology Overview The remainder of this chapter provides a summary of thermal storage technologies, which can include sensible, latent, and thermochemical systems. Sensible storage relies on a temperature difference within the storage medium to enable useful work to be performed, such as using hot molten salt to heat water and generate steam to spin a turbine for electricity production. Latent storage involves storing heat in a phase-change material that utilizes the large latent heat of phase change, for example, during isothermal melting of a solid to a liquid, which requires heat, and subsequent freezing of the liquid to a solid, which releases heat, isothermally. Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) reversibly converts heat into chemical bonds using a reactive storage medium. When the energy is needed, a reverse reaction combines the reactants, releasing energy. Table 1 summarizes the different thermal storage technologies and key attributes. Table 1. Summary of thermal storage technologies Sensible Heat Storage [5, 8-12] Latent Heat Storage [5, 9, 10, 12, 13] Thermochemical Storage [9, 11, 13] Storage mechanism Energy stored as temperature difference in solid (e.g., concrete, rock, sand) or liquid media (molten salt) Energy stored using phase change materials (e.g., salts, metals, organics) Energy stored in chemical bonds Energy Density • ~200–500kJ/kg(for ~200 – 400 °C temperature differential) • ~100–200kJ/kgfor nitrate salts; ~200 – 500 kJ/kg for metals; ~1000 kJ/kg for fluoride salts • ~300 – 6,000 kJ/kg 3

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