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Thermal Energy Storage Technologies Authors & Affiliations: Clifford K. Ho (Renewable Energy Technologies) and Andrea Ambrosini (Concentrating Solar Technologies), Sandia National Laboratories 1. Abstract Thermal storage technologies have the potential to provide large capacity, long-duration storage to enable high penetrations of intermittent renewable energy, flexible energy generation for conventional baseload sources, and seasonal energy needs. Thermal storage options include sensible, latent, and thermochemical technologies. Sensible thermal storage includes storing heat in liquids such as molten salts and in solids such as concrete blocks, rocks, or sand-like particles. Latent heat storage involves storing heat in a phase-change material that utilizes the large latent heat of phase change during melting of a solid to a liquid. Thermochemical storage converts heat into chemical bonds, which is reversible and beneficial for long-term storage applications. Current research in each of the thermal storage technologies is described, along with remaining challenges and future opportunities. 2. Key Terms Thermal storage, sensible storage, latent storage, thermochemical storage, long-duration storage 3. Introduction 3.1. Problem Statement Increasing penetrations of intermittent renewable energy sources (e.g., photovoltaics [PV] and wind energy) have increased the need for energy storage technologies to accommodate daily periods of overgeneration and peak loads. These diurnal energy-storage requirements are categorized in this chapter as short-duration and span periods from seconds to hours with capacities ranging from kilowatts to gigawatts. Previous studies have suggested that the decreasing costs of batteries and associated technologies may enable battery systems to meet the short-duration needs of the grid with high penetrations of intermittent renewable energy systems [1, 2]. However, recent studies have shown that long-duration energy storage (days to months) will be needed to accommodate 100% renewable (or carbon-free) energy generation [3]. In addition, long-duration energy storage will be needed to increase the security and resilience of the electrical grid in the face of increasing natural disasters and intentional threats. 3.2. Thermal Storage Applications Figure 1 shows a chart of current energy storage technologies as a function of discharge times and power capacity for short-duration energy storage [4]. Within the range of short-duration energy storage capacities, applications include reserve and response services (1–100 kW), transmission and distribution support grid (100 kW–10 MW), and bulk power management (10 MW–1 GW). Although thermal storage technology is included in the chart as cryogenic energy storage, hot thermal storage using sensible, latent, or thermochemical methods [5, 6] is not 1PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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