PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 010
Energies 2020, 13, 340 10 of 21 3.2. Electric Thermal Storage Electric thermal storage (ETS) is an electric heating system that consists of insulated thermal bricks used for retaining heat for later use [58], available for residential and commercial applications [59]. With ETS, it is possible to store the thermal energy that is converted starting from electricity and use this thermal energy to serve the heating demand [60]. In the ETS model, by denoting as P(ETS) the ETS charging power sent to the electric heating at time el,k step k, and with η(ETS) the ETS efficiency, the corresponding thermal power is P(ETS) = η(ETS)P(ETS). th,k el,k Considering the ETS self-discharge L(ETS) and the thermal demand P(d) served by the ETS at time step th,k th,k k, the energy stored at the successive time step k + 1 in the ETS is then expressed as [60]: (ETS) (ETS) (ETS) (d) (ETS) Ek+1 = Ek + Pth,k − Pth,k ∆tk − Lth,k (11) In [61] ETS is included in a resource optimisation together with wind and hydro resources inside a smart grid, to exploit RES to a greater extent and to avoid the curtailment of RES generation. ETS units are an interesting asset for end-user applications in cold climates. In fact, the thermal storage capacity of ETS units is one order of magnitude higher than thermostatically-controlled loads (e.g., water heaters or air conditioning systems), and ETS units are less expensive than batteries. The direct control of ETS enables their management with dynamic charging, taking into account that the thermal time constants are much higher than the electrical ones. The optimisation of the energy management developed in [60] considers the deviations in the forecast values of RES generation and demand by using an MPC-based approach. 4. Exploitation of TES with Variable Renewable Energy Sources 4.1. The Variable Nature of Energy Generation from RES Renewable Energy Sources (RES), like geothermal energy, marine energy, solar energy, and wind energy, are naturally variable and provide clean and sustainable electricity. Due to the climatic changes, the operation of RES with storage has been studied very intensively. Special attention is focused on the variable renewable energy sources (VRES). A VRES is a non-dispatchable RES (that is, it cannot be controlled in order to follow the variable demand for electricity). Due to its fluctuating nature, a VRES cannot behave as a controllable RES such as hydro, biomass, or to some extent as a geothermal power source. Generation systems with VRES such as solar energy (solar photovoltaic, solar heating, and concentrated solar power CSP) and wind energy (onshore and offshore) have variable power generation due to their intermittent nature [12]. The power output of these VRES is uncertain and depends on weather conditions, compared to conventional dispatchable power plants that obtain their output with respect to market conditions and energy balances. For photovoltaic and CSP systems, the VRES-based power generation is variable depending not only on the presence of clouds but also of temporary shading effects (that should be avoided as much as possible by design). Furthermore, malfunctioning of the modules may require the storage system to work outside its normal operation ranges, to compensate for the lost energy generation. Furthermore, the VRES location depends on the RES availability and does not generally match with the location of the load centres [62]. Moreover, a VRES requires energy storage to fit seasonal and everyday changes and to assure the continuous operation in various systems [21]. The VRES is used almost continuously to mitigate the fluctuations in output from the VRES. A thermo-electric energy storage (TEES), whose scheme is sketched in Figure 3 [63], can be used to take excess electricity during off-peak demand periods, convert it into heat, and store heat to be used in a secondary thermodynamic cycle with a steam turbine to generate electricity that is injected in the grid in periods with peak electric load.PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
PDF Search Title:
Thermal Energy Storage for Grid ApplicationsOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-13-00340.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Turbine and System Plans CAD CAM: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. More Info
Waste Heat Power Technology: Organic Rankine Cycle uses waste heat to make electricity, shaft horsepower and cooling. More Info
All Turbine and System Products: Infinity Turbine ORD systems, turbine generator sets, build plans and more to use your waste heat from 30C to 100C. More Info
CO2 Phase Change Demonstrator: CO2 goes supercritical at 30 C. This is a experimental platform which you can use to demonstrate phase change with low heat. Includes integration area for small CO2 turbine, static generator, and more. This can also be used for a GTL Gas to Liquids experimental platform. More Info
Introducing the Infinity Turbine Products Infinity Turbine develops and builds systems for making power from waste heat. It also is working on innovative strategies for storing, making, and deploying energy. More Info
Need Strategy? Use our Consulting and analyst services Infinity Turbine LLC is pleased to announce its consulting and analyst services. We have worked in the renewable energy industry as a researcher, developing sales and markets, along with may inventions and innovations. More Info
Made in USA with Global Energy Millennial Web Engine These pages were made with the Global Energy Web PDF Engine using Filemaker (Claris) software.
Sand Battery Sand and Paraffin for TES Thermo Energy Storage More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)