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energies Review Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications : Current Status and Emerging Trends Diana Enescu 1,2,* , Gianfranco Chicco 3 , Radu Porumb 2,4 and George Seritan 2,5 1 2 3 4 5 * Correspondence: diana.enescu@valahia.ro Received: 31 December 2019; Accepted: 8 January 2020; Published: 10 January 2020 Electronics Telecommunications and Energy Department, University Valahia of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania Wing Computer Group srl, 077042 Bucharest, Romania; raduporumb@yahoo.com (R.P.); george.seritan@upb.ro (G.S.) Dipartimento Energia “Galileo Ferraris”, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; gianfranco.chicco@polito.it Power Engineering Systems Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania Department of Measurements, Electrical Devices and Static Converters, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania Abstract: Thermal energy systems (TES) contribute to the on-going process that leads to higher integration among different energy systems, with the aim of reaching a cleaner, more flexible and sustainable use of the energy resources. This paper reviews the current literature that refers to the development and exploitation of TES-based solutions in systems connected to the electrical grid. These solutions facilitate the energy system integration to get additional flexibility for energy management, enable better use of variable renewable energy sources (RES), and contribute to the modernisation of the energy system infrastructures, the enhancement of the grid operation practices that include energy shifting, and the provision of cost-effective grid services. This paper offers a complementary view with respect to other reviews that deal with energy storage technologies, materials for TES applications, TES for buildings, and contributions of electrical energy storage for grid applications. The main aspects addressed are the characteristics, parameters and models of the TES systems, the deployment of TES in systems with variable RES, microgrids, and multi-energy networks, and the emerging trends for TES applications. Keywords: thermal energy storage; electrical networks; variable renewable energy sources; wind energy; concentrated solar power; water tanks; multi-energy networks; peak-load shifting; flexibility; review 1. Introduction Energy storage is one of the crucial aspects of the ongoing transition towards more efficient and sustainable energy systems. It depends on the availability and controllability of redirecting all or part of the energy flows to a suitable storage system, then using the stored energy when needed. Without storage, the traditional view of the energy services is one of a just-in-time commodity, where the generation follows the load (also covering the energy losses). The introduction of storage at different levels modifies the energy exchanges (input from or injection into) in the networks and is changing the paradigm from a just-in-time to a time-adjustable commodity, virtually up to the condition in which the load follows the generation (also considering its uncertainty, whose variability should be smoothened by using storage). This broadened range of applications enables the participation of consumers that are also local energy producers (i.e., the prosumers) in the provision of energy services to different Energies 2020, 13, 340; doi:10.3390/en13020340 www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesPDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
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