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Materials Today d Volume 44 d April 2021 SHORT COMMUNICATION FIGURE 1 (a) Ionic conductivities for varied salt concentrations in the temperature range of 80–35 C. (b) Voltage profiles as a function of specific capacity during charge to 4.3 V (15 mA g1) of NMC622|SPE|Li cells at 60 C. The specific charge capacity is decreased by only 10 mAh g1 for a ratio of 50:1 (EO:Li) compared to the cells with SPEs with higher salt concentrations. cell. Besides the cost aspects [12], lower salt concentrations reveal better mechanical stabilities, which is beneficial for assembly and operation, e.g. processing [14,22,23]. To better distinguish the performance for varied salt concen- trations, the operation temperature is decreased to 40 C. The charge profiles for NMC622||Li cells are depicted in Fig. 2(a). The specific capacities, overvoltages/polarizations are more spread compared to 60 C, which is in line with the larger distri- bution in ionic conductivities at 40 C (Fig. 1a). A severe polariza- tion limits the specific capacity of the cell with the SPE with 50:1 (EO:Li) to 10 mAh g1 only. Interestingly, such severe polariza- tion also appears for the 20:1 (EO:Li) ratio, but at later stages of FIGURE 2 (a) Voltage curves during charge as a function of specific capacity for varied Li salt concentrations in NMC622|SPE|Li cells with 4.3 V charge cut-off and a specific current of 15 mA g1 (=30 mA cm2 on Li). (b) Voltage curves as a function of time in symmetrical Li|SPE|Li cells for similar Li stripping current densities, i.e. 30 mA cm2. For EO:Li ratios higher than 20:1 (EO:Li), an intense polarization appears after time, which is defined as transition time (s) by the Sand equation (c) Schematic illustration of s, which is defined as zero Li+ concentration in the electrolyte close to the electrode surface. (d) Schematic illustration for appearance of blocking-type polarization at t = s. 11 RESEARCH: Short CommunicationPDF Image | Sand equation and its enormous practical relevance
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