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energies Article Research on the Application of Fracture Water to Mitigate the Thermal Imbalance of a Rock Mass Associated with the Operation of Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps Tingting Luo 1,2, Peng Pei 1,*, Jianan Wu 1, Chen Wang 1 and Long Tang 3 1 2 3 * Correspondence: ppei@gzu.edu.cn Abstract: Shallow geothermal energy is a clean and effective form of energy that can overcome the problems associated with the depletion of carbon-based energy carbon emissions. Due to the special hydrogeological conditions in karst regions, the heat transfer between heat exchange boreholes and the ground formation is a complicated, multi-physical process. The abundant groundwater flow plays an important role in the heat transfer process, and even presents an opportunity to mitigate the heat imbalance during the long term operation of ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP). In this study, both laboratorial experiments and numerical simulations were performed to analyze the mechanism that shows how fracture water impacts on heat capacity and the thermal imbalance of the energy storage rock mass. The results showed that the overall temperature fluctuation of the rock mass was reduced by the fracture water, and the temperature curve with time became gentler, which means in practice that the heat imbalance in the rock mass could be delayed. However, the temperature contour map showed that the impact of the fracture water flow was constrained in the nearby areas and decreased obviously with distance. The temperature field was also dragged along the direction of the fracture water flow. During the shutdown period, the fracture water significantly enhanced the thermal recovery ability of the rock mass. The results will assist in further understanding the mechanism of heat transfer and energy balance in a rock mass with fracture water flow. It is proposed that the U pipes should be located at zones with abundant fracture water if the construction condition permits. U pipes that are near the fractures should share more of the load or a denser layout could be possible as their heat transfer capacity is improved by the water flow. Keywords: shallow geothermal; ground-coupled heat pump; fracture water; thermal imbalance; mitigation 1. Introduction The ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) is the main application technology for shal- low geothermal resources [1], and the karst region has the potential for the development of geothermal resources since its abundant groundwater flow can enhance the heat transfer between the underground heat exchanger and the rock mass [2]. However, the installation and application of the GCHP system are restricted by the geological conditions of the site [3], and the issue of thermal imbalance [4] might be caused by the unequal amounts of input energy and extracted energy from the rock mass in a number of long-term operations [5]. Karst regions with complex geological conditions and abundant groundwater are widely distributed in southern China, central Asia, eastern Europe, and other places in the world [6]. Water channels are formed by fractures, fissures, and caves, which impact the thermal imbalance in the zone of heat transfer [7]. W. He et al. [8] supposed that it was difficult and expensive to install a ground heat exchanger for the karst aeras due to the low drilling rate through rocks and the additional treatment needed to prevent well College of Mining, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guiyang 550025, China School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China Citation: Luo, T.; Pei, P.; Wu, J.; Wang, C.; Tang, L. Research on the Application of Fracture Water to Mitigate the Thermal Imbalance of a Rock Mass Associated with the Operation of Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps. Energies 2022, 15, 6385. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176385 Academic Editor: Reza Rezaee Received: 21 April 2022 Accepted: 25 May 2022 Published: 1 September 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Energies 2022, 15, 6385. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176385 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesPDF Image | Research on the Application of Fracture Water
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