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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43 (2015) 1199–1213 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Seasonal thermal energy storage with heat pumps and low temperatures in building projects—A comparative review Arefeh Hesaraki a,n, Sture Holmberg a, Fariborz Haghighat b a Division of Fluid and Climate Technology, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden b Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada article info Article history: Received 5 June 2014 Accepted 3 December 2014 Keywords: Seasonal thermal energy storage Heat pump Solar fraction Coefficient of performance of heat pump Contents abstract Application of seasonal thermal energy storage with heat pumps for heating and cooling buildings has received much consideration in recent decades, as it can help to cover gaps between energy availability and demand, e.g. from summer to winter. This has the potential to reduce the large proportion of energy consumed by buildings, especially in colder climate countries. The problem with seasonal storage, however, is heat loss. This can be reduced by low-temperature storage but a heat pump is then recommended to adjust temperatures as needed by buildings in use. The aim of this paper was to compare different seasonal thermal energy storage methods using a heat pump in terms of coefficient of performance (COP) of heat pump and solar fraction, and further, to investigate the relationship between those factors and the size of the system, i.e. collector area and storage volume based on past building projects including residences, offices and schools. & 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 1199 2. Seasonalthermalenergystoragemediumandmethods.................................................................... 1201 2.1. Lowtemperatureseasonalthermalenergystorage.................................................................. 1202 3. Heatpumps.......................................................................................................1202 4. Combinationofseasonalthermalenergystorageandheatpump(STES-HP).................................................... 1203 4.1. Hotwatertankstoragewithheatpump(HWTS-HP)................................................................ 1204 4.2. Water-gravelpitstoragewithheatpump(WGPS-HP)................................................................ 1204 4.3. Ductthermalenergystoragewithheatpump(DTES-HP)............................................................. 1205 4.4. Aquiferthermalenergystoragewithheatpump(ATES-HP)........................................................... 1205 4.5. Combiningtwoseasonalstoragesystemswithaheatpump.......................................................... 1206 5. Combinationoflow-temperatureheatingsystemwithlowtemperatureseasonalstorage......................................... 1206 6. Selectioncriteria...................................................................................................1206 6.1. Existingdesigntools.......................................................................................... 1206 7. Discussion........................................................................................................1208 8. Futureprospects................................................................................................... 1210 9. Conclusion........................................................................................................ 1210 Acknowledgement...................................................................................................... 1211 References............................................................................................................ 1211 n Correspondence to: Brinellvägen 23, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: þ46 8 790 48 84. E-mail address: arefeh.hesaraki@byv.kth.se (A. Hesaraki). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.002 1364-0321/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Buildings consume a large proportion of worldwide energy sources [1]. Many countries have introduced policies [2,3] to reduce this consumption by making buildings more energy effi- cient. Heat production accounted for a much greater part of globalPDF Image | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43
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