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Energies 2022, 15, 6356 18 of 20 3. 4. range of 19–22 ◦C were recorded at the sample top of PCM-based configurations for different temperature inputs at the sample base; Table 2 gives values of %decrease in peak outdoor-to-indoor temperatures of concrete- only and PCM-integrated concrete samples. In the HTH region, %decrease values were 39.2%, 52.4%, 50.8%, 54.3% and 52.1% for concrete, RT28HC–RT28HC, RT21HC– RT21HC, RT28HC–RT21HC and RT21HC–RT28HC samples, respectively. Similarly, in the MTH and LTH regions, %decrease values ranged from 34.7% to 47.4% and 20.8% to 39.8%, respectively, for these configurations. This clearly indicates the effectiveness of PCM-based samples over concrete-only samples with larger temperature decrease percentages. Moreover, hybrid configuration RT28HC–RT21HC performed best as it gave the highest reduction in peak temperatures across all three temperature regimes; Decrement factor DF and time lag (hour) were used to evaluate the overall experimen- tal results. Lower values of DF indicate that fewer indoor temperature fluctuations occur, which is the advantage of the thermal energy storage of the PCMs. Thus, the configuration with the lowest DF is the most suitable. TL is an indicator of the ability of a material to shift peak load to off-peak. Higher values of TL show PCMs’ ability to store heat for a longer period of time. Thus, a configuration with the highest TL is the most viable of all the test configurations. The results showed that the lowest DF and highest TL (hours) for RT28HC–RT21HC in the HTH regime were 0.10 and 5.72 h, respectively. Similarly, RT28HC–RT21HC had a DF value as low as 0.08 and a TL as high as 5.17 h in the MTH regime. Therefore, the dual PCM RT28HC–RT21HC outper- formed all other configurations at high thermal loads. Thus, this dual configuration, when employed in a building envelope, can effectively contribute to the reduction of cooling load; In the LTH region, based on lower DF and higher TL values, the performance of RT21HC–RT21HC was better than RT28HC–RT21HC. However, in order to trade off across all temperature regimes and to select only one dual configuration of PCM, for integration with construction materials in building envelopes, RT28HC–RT21HC is recommended; For the vast range of temperature variation throughout the year and, in particular, in hot climates such as those in South Asian countries such as Pakistan, hybrid PCMs with a melting range of 28 ◦C and 21 ◦C have several applications in building energy conservation and are able to particularly reduce cooling load. 5. 6. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.R.S., S.J.M. and A.U.R.; methodology, S.R.S., S.J.M., M.G. and A.U.R.; validation, S.R.S., S.J.M. and A.U.R.; formal analysis, S.R.S., S.J.M. and Z.K.; investigation, S.R.S., M.G. and A.U.R.; resources, S.R.S., S.J.M., M.G. and Z.K.; data curation, A.U.R.; writing—original draft preparation, S.R.S. and A.U.R.; writing—review and editing, S.J.M. and Z.K.; visualization, S.R.S., M.G. and A.U.R.; supervision, S.R.S., S.J.M. and Z.K.; project administration, S.R.S., S.J.M. and Z.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University Islamabad, Higher Education Commis- sion, Pakistan, for providing the IRSIP scholarship and the Technical Staff in the Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, and SEAG, Trinity College, Dublin, who facilitated the completion of this research work even during the COVID-19 crisis, as well as insights from the H2020 IDEAS project (8915271). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | PCM-Integrated Building Construction
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