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Energies 2022, 15, 6356 7 of 20 2.3.1. Decrement Factor Thermal response of construction materials can be evaluated by considering DF, i.e., the ratio of the differences of maximum to minimum output temperatures to input temperatures, as defined by Equation (1) [26,27]. DF = T5max − T5min (1) T1max − T1min where T1 and T5 are as defined in Figure 5a. Their maximum and minimum values were used in Equation (1). 2.3.2. Time Lag (TL) Thermal time lag (TL) is an important parameter to characterize the suitability of the PCM-based configuration. It can be defined as: TL = τT5max – τT1max (2) 3. Results and Discussions To investigate the thermal response of construction materials with and without PCMs within the temperature range of 22–50 ◦C, extensive testing and detailed analysis of all the configurations were carried out. First, concrete-based samples with and without PCMs are described followed by the results and discussion of the cement block samples. 3.1. Thermal Response of Various Configurations The thermal response of different configurations with and without PCMs was investi- gated, and heat flux variation for all three temperature regimes was recorded. 3.1.1. Baseline Configuration of Concrete The baseline configuration of concrete-only samples was tested in all three temperature regimes, as shown in Figure 7. The transient thermal response of the concrete samples was investigated through temperature measurements of the samples’ convective heating and cooling. The peak temperatures for HTH cases at the sample base were 40.5 ◦C and 44.6 ◦C, whereas the temperatures reduced at the sample top surface, with peaks recorded at 25.6 ◦C and 27.1 ◦C. Similarly, for the MTH case, the peak temperature at the sample bottom was 35.2 ◦C, and the peak temperature at the sample top was 23.1 ◦C. For the LTH range, at the sample base, peak temperatures were 25 ◦C and 23.8 ◦C, and the highest temperature value at the sample top was 19.8 ◦C. 3.1.2. Heat Flux Variation in Different Thermal Environments Transient heat flux variation was recorded and is shown in Figure 8 for the concrete samples. The input tank temperature for the HTH, MTH and LTH cases was 50 ◦C, 40 ◦C and 30 ◦C, respectively. The steady-state heat flux developed on the hot plate was ~300 W/m2, 200 W/m2 and 100 W/m2, whereas the peak heat flux obtained at the sample top was 48.2 W/m2, 44.5 W/m2 and 21.6 W/m2 in these cases, respectively.PDF Image | PCM-Integrated Building Construction
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