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PCM-Integrated Building Construction

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energies Article Experimental Thermal Response Study of Multilayered, Encapsulated, PCM-Integrated Building Construction Materials Atiq Ur Rehman 1,2,*, Shakil R. Sheikh 1 , Zareena Kausar 1 , Michael Grimes 2 and Sarah J. McCormack 2,* 1 2 * Correspondence: atiq.rehman@mail.au.edu.pk (A.U.R.); mccorms1@tcd.ie (S.J.M.) Abstract: Thermal energy storage integration using phase change materials (PCMs) in buildings has great potential for energy conservation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Cutting-edge research and innovative ideas are required when using multilayered PCMs within typical construction materials to take advantage of their heat storage capability over a wide temperature range within buildings. This current study was carried out to experimentally test the efficacy of using dual PCMs RT28HC and RT21HC with different melting temperature ranges (28 ◦C and 21 ◦C) under variable thermal loading. The transient thermal response of various PCM-based configurations of concrete and cement blocks at different temperature inputs was obtained to determine the effectiveness of dual PCMs and their optimized configuration under experimental laboratory conditions. The range of the temperature input was varied from 22 ◦C to 50 ◦C, suitable for hot climatic conditions such as those in Pakistan. Laboratory ambient temperatures remained at ~17 ◦C for all experimental tests. Moreover, the results were compared using two parameters, i.e., decrement factor (DF) and time lag (TL). With DF and TL values of 0.10 and 5.72, respectively, in the high-temperature heating (HTH) regime and a low DF value of 0.08 and high TL of 5.17 in the moderate-temperature heating (MTH) regime, the RT28HC–RT21HC combination proved to be the most effective. The application of the RT28HC–RT21HC combination provided up to a 54.3% reduction in indoor temperatures in the HTH regime. This research contributes through experimental validation that these novel configurations are capable of providing substantial improvement in indoor thermal comfort. Keywords: phase change material (PCM); thermal energy storage (TES); building construction material; thermal analysis; experimental investigation; convective heating and cooling; thermal test rig 1. Introduction Buildings not only have a significant share in global energy consumption but also contribute heavy greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings and the construction sector account for 36% of energy usage and 39% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1]. Global heating and cooling requirements in buildings, including water heating, account for 55% of the energy loads [2]. Furthermore, these energy needs are variable depending on the climatic conditions and the construction materials of the building. While climatic conditions drive the cooling or heating loads, buildings can reduce these loads if they provide sufficient thermal inertia through the thermo-physical properties of construction materials [3,4]. In- corporation of phase change materials (PCMs) into construction materials, such as concrete or cement blocks, can enhance thermal energy storage (TES) capability and provide a better solution for energy demand in peak and off-peak hours [5]. Different experimental and numerical studies have been performed to investigate the thermal response of build- ing materials with the integration of micro or microencapsulated PCMs [6–11]. Further- Department of Mechatronics and Bio-Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Air University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland Citation: Rehman, A.U.; Sheikh, S.R.; Kausar, Z.; Grimes, M.; McCormack, S.J. Experimental Thermal Response Study of Multilayered, Encapsulated, PCM-Integrated Building Construction Materials. Energies 2022, 15,6356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ en15176356 Academic Editor: Dimitrios Katsaprakakis Received: 23 July 2022 Accepted: 24 August 2022 Published: 31 August 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Energies 2022, 15, 6356. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176356 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

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