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Energies 2022, 15, 1008 Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 16 3 of 16 Figure 1. TESSe2b hydraulic scheme for a building in Cyprus [16]. MTV = manual triode valve; Figure 1. TESSe2b hydraulic scheme for a building in Cyprus [16]. MTV = manual triode valve; DTV = digital two-way valve; C = circulation pump; DV = digital triode valve; AV = analog triode DTV = digital two-way valve; C = circulation pump; DV = digital triode valve; AV = analog triode valve; TV = thermostatic valve; EWH = electric water heater; T = temperature sensor; F = flow meter; valve; TV = thermostatic valve; EWH = electric water heater; T = temperature sensor; F = flow me- J = electricity meter. ter; J = electricity meter. The system consists of six basic components: solar thermal collectors, one geothermal The system consists of six basic components: solar thermal collectors, one geother- heat pump in which the low-temperature heat source is a vertical ground heat exchanger, mal heat pump in which the low-temperature heat source is a vertical ground heat ex- hot and cold TES tanks with PCM (three tanks for cooling and three tanks for heating), changer, hot and cold TES tanks with PCM (three tanks for cooling and three tanks for a DHW tank also with PCM and a building with low temperature heat receivers, such heating), a DHW tank also with PCM and a building with low temperature heat receiv- as underfloor heating or fan coils for the building in Cyprus. Hot TES tanks and TES ers, such as underfloor heating or fan coils for the building in Cyprus. Hot TES tanks DHW tanks are coupled to BHEs enhanced with paraffin PCM (five BHEs with PCM and and TES DHW tanks are coupled to BHEs enhanced with paraffin PCM (five BHEs with five BHEs without). The TES cold tanks are coupled with a heat pump. The solution is PCM and five BHEs without). The TES cold tanks are coupled with a heat pump. The controlled by an advanced self-learning control system [17]. solution is controlled by an advanced self-learning control system [17]. Solar radiation heats the solar collector fluid, and the thermal energy stored in it is then Solar radiation heats the solar collector fluid, and the thermal energy stored in it is transferred to the PCM-based thermal energy storage. In order to limit the temperature then transferred to the PCM-based thermal energy storage. In order to limit the tempera- during intense solar radiation conditions or when the thermal energy storage has reached ture during intense solar radiation conditions or when the thermal energy storage has its maximum capacity and the energy cannot be extracted from the fluid, a heat dissipator reached its maximum capacity and the energy cannot be extracted from the fluid, a heat connected to the solar collector fluid cycle is used. The energy is thus dissipated to the dissipator connected to the solar collector fluid cycle is used. The energy is thus dissipated environment. Using the thermal energy in the HTES and DHW tanks, heating units can be to the environment. Using the thermal energy in the HTES and DHW tanks, heating units supplied with water at an adequate temperature, and domestic hot water is available for can be supplied with water at an adequate temperature, and domestic hot water is avail- the building residents. In summer conditions with high solar radiation intensities and low able for the building residents. In summer conditions with high solar radiation intensities heating energy demand, the entire house can be supplied using only the stored energy from athnedslolwarhceoallteicntgoresn.eInrgwyidnetemr,ahnodw,ethvere,nsotilraerhraoduisaetiocanninbtenssuiptypdliecdreuasiensg,aondlyththeedestmoarend efnorerhgeyatfirnogmetnhergsoylaisrhcoigllhe.ctAortst.hIantwtiminete,ra, hoigwhelyverf,fiscoileanrtrhaedaiattpiounmipntiesnusisteyddteocreexatsreasc,t aendertghyefdroematnhdegfororuhnedatiangdetnraenrgsyferisithtioghth.eAthtehramtatilmsteo,ragheigfholryDeHffiWcieonrtdhieraetctplyumtopthise used to extract energy from the ground and transfer it to the thermal storage for DHW or .PDF Image | Latent Thermal Energy Storage Application
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