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ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAMME IEA-ETSAP and IRENA © Technology-Policy Brief E17 – January 2013 - www.etsap.org, www.irena.org Thermal Energy Storage TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS TECHNOLOGY STATUS – Thermal energy storage (TES) includes a number of different technologies. Thermal energy can be stored at temperatures from -40°C to more than 400°C as sensible heat, latent heat and chemical energy (thermo-chemical energy storage), using chemical reactions. Thermal energy storage in the form of sensible heat relies on the specific heat and the thermal capacity of a storage medium, which is usually kept in storage tanks with high thermal insulation. The most popular and commercial heat storage medium is water, with a number of residential and industrial applications. Underground storage of sensible heat in both liquid and solid media is also used for typically large-scale applications. However, TES systems based on sensible heat storage offer a storage capacity that is limited by the specific heat of the storage medium. Phase change materials (PCM) can offer a higher storage capacity that is associated with the latent heat of the phase change. PCMs also enable a target-oriented discharging temperature that is set by the constant temperature of the phase change. Thermo-chemical storage (TCS) can offer even higher storage capacities. Thermo-chemical reactions (e.g. adsorption or the adhesion of a substance to the surface of another solid or liquid) can be used to accumulate and give back heat and cold on demand (and also regulate humidity) in a variety of applications, using different chemical reactants. At present, TES systems based on sensible heat are commercially available while TCS and PCM-based storage systems are mostly under development and demonstration. PERFORMANCE AND COSTS – Thermal energy storage includes a number of different technologies, each one with its own specific performance, application and cost. TES systems based on sensible heat storage offer a storage capacity ranging from 10 to 50 kWh/t and storage efficiencies between 50% and 90%, depending on the specific heat of the storage medium and thermal insulation technologies. Phase change materials (PCM) can offer higher storage capacity and storage efficiencies from 75% to 90%. In most cases, storage is based on a solid/liquid phase change with energy densities on the order of 100 kWh/m3 (e.g. ice). Thermo-chemical storage (TCS) systems can reach storage capacities of up to 250 kWh/t, with operation temperatures of more than 300°C and efficiencies from 75% to nearly 100%. The cost of a complete system for sensible heat storage ranges between €0.1 and €10 per kWh, depending on the size, application and thermal insulation technology. The costs for PCM and TCS systems are in general higher. In these systems, major costs are associated with the heat (and mass) transfer technology, which have to be installed to achieve a sufficient charging/discharging power. Costs of latent heat storage systems based on PCM range between €10 and €50 per kWh while costs of TCS are estimated to range from €8 to €100 per kWh. The economic viability of a TES depends heavily on application and operation needs, including the number and frequency of the storage cycles. POTENTIAL AND BARRIERS – The storage of thermal energy (typically from renewable energy sources, waste heat or surplus energy production) can replace heat and cold production from fossil fuels, reduce CO2 emissions and the need for costly peak power and heat production capacity. In Europe, it has been estimated that around 1.4 million GWh per year could be saved (and 400 million tonnes of CO2 emissions avoided) in the building and industrial sectors by extensive use of heat and cold storage. However, TES technologies face some barriers to entering the market. In most cases, cost is a major issue. Storage systems based on TCS and PCM also need improvements in the stability of storage performance, which is associated with material properties. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ PROCESS AND TECHNOLOGY STATUS Energy storage systems are designed to accumulate energy when production exceeds demand and to make it available at the user’s request. They can help match energy supply and demand, exploit the variable production of renewable energy sources (e.g. solar and wind), increase the overall efficiency of the energy system and reduce CO2 emissions. This brief deals primarily with heat storage systems or thermal energy storage (TES). An energy storage system can be described in terms of the following properties: Capacity: defines the energy stored in the system and depends on the storage process, the medium and the size of the system; Power: defines how fast the energy stored in the system can be discharged (and charged); Efficiency: is the ratio of the energy provided to the user to the energy needed to charge the storage system. It accounts for the energy loss during the storage period and the charging/discharging cycle. Storage period: defines how long the energy is stored and lasts hours to months (hours, days, weeks and months for seasonal storage); Charge and discharge time: define how much time is needed to charge/discharge the system; and Cost: refers to either capacity (€/kWh) or power (€/kW) of the storage system and depends on the capital and operation costs of the storage equipment and its lifetime (i.e. the number of cycles). 2 Giorgio.Simbolotti@enea.it, Giancarlo Tosato (gct@etsap.org) and Dolf Gielen (dgielen@irena.org), Project Co-ordinators Please send comments to Andreas Hauer (hauer@muc.zae-bayern.de), Author, and toPDF Image | ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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