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Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 28 of 32 increase the heat transfer rate, which is promising. Micro-encapsulation increases the heat transfer surface area and is also a solution for phase segregation in salt hydrates. Most of the literature is focused on routine and commercialized PCM materials such as paraffin. We recommend focusing on special PCMs with a wide temperature range such as salt hydrates and synthesizing specialized PCMs suitable for specific building applications. TCS can offer even higher storage capacities. Thermo-chemical reactions such as adsorption can be used to accumulate and discharge heat and cold on demand and to control humidity in a variety of applications using different chemical reactants. In CTES, materials with subzero temperatures are identified, but their thermal reliability, phase-segregation and subcooling issues have not been deeply studied. Studies on industrial (large scale) level thermal cold storage PCMs are hardly tested. At present, TES systems based on sensible heat are commercially available, while TCS- and PCM-based storage systems are mostly under development and demonstration. Support for the R&D of new storage materials, as well as policy measures and investment incentives for TES integration in buildings, for industrial applications, and for variable renewable power generation, is essential if its deployment is to be fostered. In future greenhouses, TES solutions can combine heating–cooling–dehumidification functions and provide poly-generation possibilities. Further research on the possibility of thermo-chemical energy storage and the further development of PCMs is needed for this option to be widely adopted in a more cost-effective manner. Author Contributions: All authors conceived the research idea and the framework of this study. Calin Sebarchievici performed the theoretical study and Ioan Sarbu analyzed the data and wrote the paper. Both authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. European Commission. European Union Energy in Figures; Statistical Pocketbook; Publications Office of the EU: Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 2016. 2. Twidell, J.; Weir, T. Renewable Energy Resources; Routledge: London, UK, 2015. 3. Iten, M.; Liu, S.; Shukla, A. A review on the air-PCM-TES application for free cooling and heating in the buildings. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 61, 175–186. [CrossRef] 4. Sarbu, I.; Sebarchievici, C. Solar Heating and Cooling: Fundamentals, Experiments and Applications; Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2016. 5. Dincer, I.; Rosen, M.A. Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Application; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK, 2011. 6. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programmes (ETSAP): Technology Brief E17; International Energy Agency: Paris, France, 2013. Available online: http://www.irena.org/Publications (accessed on 8 July 2015). 7. Medrano, M.; Yilmaz, M.O.; Nogue ́s, M.; Martorell, I.; Roca, J.; Cabeza, L.F. Experimental evaluation of commercial heat exchangers for use as PCM thermal storage systems. Appl. Energy 2009, 86, 2047–2055. [CrossRef] 8. Noro, M.; Lazzarin, R.M.; Busato, F. Solar cooling and heating plants: An energy and economic analysis of liquid sensible vs. phase change material (PCM) heat storage. Int. J. Refrig. 2014, 39, 104–116. [CrossRef] 9. Khan, M.M.A.; Saidur, R.; Al-Sulaimana, F.A. A review for phase change materials (PCMs) in solar absorption refrigeration systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 76, 105–137. [CrossRef] 10. Chidambaram, L.A.; Ramana, A.S.; Kamaraj, G.; Velraj, R. Review of solar cooling methods and thermal storage options. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 3220–3228. [CrossRef] 11. Sharma, A.; Tyagi, V.V.; Chen, C.R.; Buddhi, D. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2009, 13, 318–345. [CrossRef] 12. Zhou, D.; Zhao, C.Y.; Tian, Y. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) in building applications. Appl. Energy 2012, 92, 593–605. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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