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Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 15 of 32 Containment of PCMs helps contain the material in liquid and solid phases to prevent its possible possible variation in chemical composition by interaction with its surroundings, to increase its variation in chemical composition by interaction with its surroundings, to increase its compatibility compatibility with other materials in the storage system, to increase its handiness, and to provide a with other materials in the storage system, to increase its handiness, and to provide a suitable 15 of 32 Figure 7. Categories of PCM based on melting point [46]. Figure 7. Categories of PCM based on melting point [46]. 4.1.4. PCM Containment 4.1.4. PCM Containment Containment of PCMs helps contain the material in liquid and solid phases to prevent its suitable surface for heat transfer. Types of containment studied are bulk storage in tank heat surface for heat transfer. Types of containment studied are bulk storage in tank heat exchangers, exchangers, macro-encapsulation, and micro-encapsulation. The main characteristic of PCM bulk macro-encapsulation, and micro-encapsulation. The main characteristic of PCM bulk systems is the systems is the need for more extensive heat transfer than that found in non-PCM tanks because the need for more extensive heat transfer than that found in non-PCM tanks because the heat storage heat storage density of the PCM is higher compared to other storage media. The different density of the PCM is higher compared to other storage media. The different approaches extensively approaches extensively used are inserting fins and using high conductivity particles, metal used are inserting fins and using high conductivity particles, metal structures, fibbers on the PCM side, structures, fibbers on the PCM side, direct contact heat exchangers, or the rolling cylinder method direct contact heat exchangers, or the rolling cylinder method [50]. [50]. The two other possibilities are macro- and micro-encapsulating [51]. Macro-encapsulating consists The two other possibilities are macro- and micro-encapsulating [51]. Macro-encapsulating in including a PCM in a tube, sphere, panel, cylinder, etc. and is the most widespread. The choice of consists in including a PCM in a tube, sphere, panel, cylinder, etc. and is the most widespread. The material (plastic or metallic-aluminum or steel) and the geometry affect the thermal performance of choice of material (plastic or metallic-aluminum or steel) and the geometry affect the thermal the heat storage. Micro-encapsulating consists in a micro-sphere (diameter less than 1 mm) of PCM performance of the heat storage. Micro-encapsulating consists in a micro-sphere (diameter less than encapsulated in a very thin and high-molecular-weight polymer. The spheres are then incorporated in 1 mm) of PCM encapsulated in a very thin and high-molecular-weight polymer. The spheres are some compatible material. then incorporated in some compatible material. The developed capsules can be used in one-tank TES systems as shown in Figure 8. The heat is The developed capsules can be used in one-tank TES systems as shown in Figure 8. The heat is transferred to or from a heat transfer fluid, as the heat transfer fluid flows through the space between transferred to or from a heat transfer fluid, as the heat transfer fluid flows through the space the capsules. During the charging mode, the hot fluid from the solar field is circulated through the between the capsules. During the charging mode, the hot fluid from the solar field is circulated tank. The PCM inside the capsules absorbs latent heat and melts. During the discharging mode, through the tank. The PCM inside the capsules absorbs latent heat and melts. During the cooler heat transfer fluid is circulated through the tank to absorb heat from the PCM, causing the discharging mode, cooler heat transfer fluid is circulated through the tank to absorb heat from the encapsulated PCM to freeze. The heated fluid is then used to heat the power block working fluid PCM, causing the encapsulated PCM to freeze. The heated fluid is then used to heat the power through a heat exchanger. block working fluid through a heat exchanger. PCM encapsulation has been used extensively in building cooling systems where air is passed PCM encapsulation has been used extensively in building cooling systems where air is passed through flat containers of PCM [52]. The effect of encapsulated PCM has a good scope in enhancing through flat containers of PCM [52]. The effect of encapsulated PCM has a good scope in enhancing the performance of LHS systems [53] used in the solar absorption cooling system. the performance of LHS systems [53] used in the solar absorption cooling system. Organic PCMs can be encapsulated physic-mechanically, chemically, and physic-chemically. Various approaches to prepare the encapsulated PCM (organic) as a new kind of TES medium have been extensively developed and can be manufactured to suit the desired properties [54].PDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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