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International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2011 Analysis of PCM Material in Thermal Energy Storage System Amrit Om Nayak, M.Gowtham, R.Vinod, and G.Ramkumar Abstract—A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance with a high latent heat storage capacity which on melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Various PCM like Paraffin wax, sodium acetate tri-hydrate and phenolphthalein are considered which are used to absorb heat from the coolant water from the engine. The conduction and convection criterion of heat transfer enable the PCM to store this heat as latent heat. The amount of convection and temperature change brought about due to the heat flux has been simulated and studied in detail using GAMBIT and FLUENT . Index Terms— Latent Heat storage capacity, phase change materials, paraffin wax, sodium acetate tri-hydrate, phenolphthalein I. INTRODUCTION Increasing environmental pollution is an important problem observed during cold start of internal combustion engines. Cold start of internal combustion engines is characterized by various problems such as increase of fuel consumption resulting from heterogonous combustion, increasing concentration of toxic emissions, increase of lubricant viscosity and resistance to motion and thereby increase of load on the accumulator and starter resulting in increased vibration and noise. Developments of new devices that solve this problem are a necessity. Thermal energy storage system (TESS) is one such device. The TESS uses Phase Change Material’s (PCM) latent heat storage capacity for pre-heating the internal combustion engine. The thermal energy storage device (TESD) works on the effect of absorption and rejection of heat during the solid-liquid phase change of heat storage material. The overall function of the TESS is dominated by the PCM. The PCM material should be selected considering the application and the working conditions. Depending on the applications, the PCMs should first be selected based on their melting temperature. Materials that melt below 288 K are used for storing coolness in air conditioning applications, while materials that melt above 363 K are used for absorption refrigeration. All other materials that melt between these two temperatures can be applied in solar heating and for heat load leveling applications. Gu et al [1] developed a heat recovery system using PCM to recover the rejected heat of air conditioning systems and produce low temperature hot water for washing and bathing. They concluded that the heat recovery system Manuscript received November 4, 2011; revised December 9, 2011. Authors are with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, India (email: amritomnayak@gmail.com; gowthamtce@gmail.com; vinod.einstein@gmail.com; ramtcemech09@gmail.com). decreases not only the consumption of primary energy for heating domestic hot water but also the calefaction to the surroundings due to the rejection of heat from air conditioning systems. Hong et al [2] tried to improve the accuracy of the T-history method for measuring heat of fusion of various materials and many of the PCMs were taken under study. Duffy [3] proposed a numerical simulation of porous latent heat thermal energy storage device for thermoelectric cooling under different porosities of the aluminum matrix. They used a porous aluminum matrix as a way of improving the performance of the system, enhancing heat conduction without reducing significantly the stored energy. Ravikumar et al [4] has proposed Cool storage system using phase change materials can be used for peak load shifting. Regin et al [5] proposed a paper in analyzing the behavior of a packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system. The packed bed is composed of spherical capsules filled with paraffin wax as PCM usable with a solar water heating system and the phase change phenomena of PCM inside the capsules are analyzed by using enthalpy method. The equations are numerically solved, and the results obtained are used for the thermal performance analysis of both charging and discharging processes. Mahmud et al [6] studied a theoretical investigation of thermal and physical properties of a phase change material which consists of paraffin wax with 5% aluminum powder, this composite used as a thermal storage system for solar applications Demirbas et al [7] studied about thermal energy storage materials and phase change materials and concluded that paraffin waxes are cheap and have moderate TES density but low thermal conductivity and, hence, require a large surface area. Hydrated salts have a larger energy storage density and a higher thermal conductivity. Amin et al [8] proposed and optimized usage of PCMs encapsulated in slabs. Using a validated numerical model of the system, a parametric study was undertaken to investigate the impact of the slab thickness, gap between slabs and the mass flow rate. Sari et al [9] studied determination of proper amount of paraffin absorbed into expanded graphite to obtain form-stable composite as phase change material. Zhang et al [10] found that expanded graphite composite phase change material had a large thermal storage capacity and improved thermal conductivity and did not experience liquid leakage during its solid–liquid phase change. He obtained a thermal conductivity which was higher than that of the paraffin, due to the combination with the expanded graphite that had a high thermal conductivity. Phase change material storages are used to balance temporary temperature alternations and to store energy in several practical application areas. PCM storage is preferable 437PDF Image | Analysis of PCM Material in Thermal Energy Storage
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